GAD65 antibody - Neuronal Marker (ab2348)

Product Name 

GAD65 antibody - Neuronal Marker

Product type 

Primary antibodies

Description 

Rabbit polyclonal to GAD65 - Neuronal Marker

Immunogen 

Synthetic peptide (Human).

Reacts with 
(species key)

Hu, Rat

Specificity 

This antibody reacts with a 65 kD protein, known as GAD (Glutamate Decarboxylase)

Tested applications 
(see key)

IHC-Fr, IHC-P

Abreviews 

Customer reviews (see key)

Read about Abreviews

Application notes 
(see key)

Recommended dilutions
IHC: This antibody may be diluted to a titer of 1:25-1:50 in an ABC method.
We suggest an incubation period of 30 minutes at room temperature.
However, depending upon the fixation conditions and the staining system employed, optimal incubation conditions and antibody dilutions should be determined by the user.
Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections require high temperature antigen unmasking with 10 mM citrate buffer, pH 6.0 prior to immunostaining.

Positive control 
(see definition)

Pancreas

Cellular localization 

Cytoplasmic

Research areas 

Neuroscience >> Neurology process >> Metabolism
Neuroscience >> Neurotransmitter >> Amino Acids >> Glutamate

Relevance 

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of L glutamate to g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and a putative paracrine signal molecule in pancreatic islets. GAD has a restricted tissue distribution. It is highly expressed in the cytoplasm of GABAergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and pancreatic beta cells. It is also present in other non-neuronal tissues such as testis, oviduct and ovary. GAD is also transiently expressed in non-GABAergic cells of the embryonic and adult nervous system, suggesting its involvement in development and plasticity.

GAD exists as two isoforms, GAD65 and GAD67 (molecular masses of 65 and 67 kD, respectively) that are encoded by two different genes. GAD65 is an ampiphilic, membraneanchored protein, (585 amino acid residues) and is encoded on human chromosome 10. GAD67 is a cytoplasmic protein (594 amino acid residues) and is encoded on chromosome 2. There is 64% amino acid identity between the two isoforms, with the highest diversity located at the N terminus, which in GAD65 is required for targeting the enzyme to GABA-containing secretory vesicles. The two isoforms appear to have distinct intraneuronal distribution in the brain. GAD65 has been identified as an autoantigen in insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and stiff-man syndrome (SMS), IDDM is an autoimmune disease that results from T cell mediated destruction of pancreatic insulin-secreting beta cells. Islet-reactive T cells and antibodies primarily to GAD65 (also named beta cell autoantigen) can be detected in peripheral blood of 80% of recent-onset IDD patients and in pre-diabetic high-risk subjects before onset of clinical symptoms. This suggests that GAD may be an important marker in the early stages of the disease. Also, autoantibodies to GAD65 and GAD67 are detected in animal models of IDDM, including the non-obese diabetes (NOD) mouse. In the NOD mouse, T cell reactivity is initially restricted to the C terminal regions of GAD65, but later spreads to other parts of GAD65. Stiff-man syndrome (SMS), a rare disorder of the CNS, is characterized by progressive rigidity of the body musculature with painful spasms, due to impairment of the GABAergic neurotransmission.

High-titer autoantibodies directed against GAD 65 and GABAergic neurons (nerve terminals) have been detected in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 60% of patients with the syndrome. Strikingly, many of the SMS patients also developed late-onset IDDM.

Two forms of GAD exist in adults, GAD 65 and GAD 67, which are encoded by different genes.
GAD 65 and GAD 67 are expressed in most GABA containing neurons.
GAD 65 appears to be targeted to the membrane and nerve ending, where as GAD 67 is more widely distributed throughout the cell.

Database links 

Raised in 

Rabbit

Clonality 

Polyclonal

Isotype 

IgG

Purity 

Protein A purified

Storage buffer 

Preservative: 0.05% Sodium Azide
Constituents: 1% BSA

Material safety datasheet (MSDS) for this product:
Sodium Azide MSDS

Form 

Liquid

Storage instructions 

Store at +4°C.

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