For the best experience on the Abcam website please upgrade to a modern browser such as Google Chrome

Hello. We're improving abcam.com and we'd welcome your feedback.

Hello. We're improving abcam.com and we'd welcome your feedback.

Infomation icon

We haven't added this to the BETA yet

New BETA website

New BETA website

Hello. We're improving abcam.com and we'd welcome your feedback.

Take a look at our BETA site and see what we’ve done so far.

Switch on our new BETA site

Now available

Search and browse selected products

  • A selection of primary antibodies

Purchase these through your usual distributor

In the coming months

  • Additional product types
  • Supporting content
  • Sign in to your account
  • Purchase online
United States
Your country/region is currently set to:

If incorrect, please enter your country/region into the box below, to view site information related to your country/region.

Call (888) 77-ABCAM (22226) or contact us
Need help? Contact us

  • My account
  • Sign out
Sign in or Register with us

Welcome

Sign in or

Don't have an account?

Register with us
My basket
Quick order
Abcam homepage

  • Research Products
    By product type
    Primary antibodies
    Secondary antibodies
    ELISA and Matched Antibody Pair Kits
    Cell and tissue imaging tools
    Cellular and biochemical assays
    Proteins and Peptides
    By product type
    Proteomics tools
    Agonists, activators, antagonists and inhibitors
    Cell lines and Lysates
    Multiplex miRNA assays
    Multiplex Assays
    By research area
    Cancer
    Cardiovascular
    Cell Biology
    Epigenetics
    Metabolism
    Developmental Biology
    By research area
    Immunology
    Microbiology
    Neuroscience
    Signal Transduction
    Stem Cells
  • Customized Products & Partnerships
    Customized Products & Partnerships

    Customized products and commercial partnerships to accelerate your diagnostic and therapeutic programs.

    Customized products

    Partner with us

  • Support
    Support hub

    Access advice and support for any research roadblock

    View support hub

    Protocols

    Your experiments laid out step by step

    View protocols

  • Events
    • Conference calendar
    • Cancer
    • Cardiovascular
    • Epigenetics & Nuclear signaling
    • Immunology
    • Neuroscience
    • Stem cells
    • Tradeshows
    • Scientific webinars
    Keep up to date with the latest events

    Full event breakdown with abstracts, speakers, registration and more

    View global event calendar

  • Pathways
    Cell signalling pathways

    View all pathways

    View all interactive pathways

  1. Link

    calcineurin-bppp3r1-antibody-epr24992-18-ab303482.pdf

  1. Send me a copy of this email
    I agree to the terms and conditions.
Immunology Adaptive Immunity B Cells Non-CD
Share by email
RecombinantRabMAb

Recombinant Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)

  • Datasheet
  • SDS
  • Certificate of Compliance
Submit a review Submit a question

Product price, shipping and contact information

Currently unavailable

Sorry, we can't display this right now.

Please contact us to place your order, or try again later.

 

Loading size & price…

 

Shipping and order information

Shipping info

Promotion Information

Abpromise

Guaranteed product quality, expert customer support.

Find out more.

Western blot - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
  • Western blot - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
  • Western blot - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
  • Immunoprecipitation - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
  • Immunoprecipitation - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
  • Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)

Key features and details

  • Produced recombinantly (animal-free) for high batch-to-batch consistency and long term security of supply
  • Rabbit monoclonal [EPR24992-18] to Calcineurin B/PPP3R1
  • Suitable for: WB, IHC-P, IP
  • Reacts with: Mouse, Rat, Human

Overview

  • Product name

    Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18]
    See all Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 primary antibodies
  • Description

    Rabbit monoclonal [EPR24992-18] to Calcineurin B/PPP3R1
  • Host species

    Rabbit
  • Specificity

    Unsuitable for human IP

  • Tested applications

    Suitable for: WB, IHC-P, IPmore details
    Unsuitable for: Flow Cyt (Intra) or IHC-Fr
  • Species reactivity

    Reacts with: Mouse, Rat, Human
  • Immunogen

    Synthetic peptide. This information is proprietary to Abcam and/or its suppliers.

  • Positive control

    • WB: Mouse brain, Mouse kidney, Mouse heart, Rat brain, Rat kidney, Rat heart, SK-N-SH, SH-SY5Y, Neuro-2a, HEK-293T transfected with a human PPP3R1 expression vector containing a his tag, whole cell lysate, and HEK-293T transfected with a human PPP3R2 expression vector containing a his tag, whole cell lysate. IHC-P: Human cerebrum, Mouse cerebrum, Rat cerebrum, Human cardiac muscle, Mouse kidney and Rat cardiac muscle tissues. IP: Mouse brain and Rat brain cells
  • General notes

    This product is a recombinant monoclonal antibody, which offers several advantages including:

    • - High batch-to-batch consistency and reproducibility
    • - Improved sensitivity and specificity
    • - Long-term security of supply
    • - Animal-free production
    For more information see here.

    Our RabMAb® technology is a patented hybridoma-based technology for making rabbit monoclonal antibodies. For details on our patents, please refer to RabMAb® patents.

Properties

  • Form

    Liquid
  • Storage instructions

    Shipped at 4°C. Store at +4°C short term (1-2 weeks). Upon delivery aliquot. Store at -20°C. Avoid freeze / thaw cycle.
  • Storage buffer

    pH: 7.20
    Preservative: 0.01% Sodium azide
    Constituents: 40% Glycerol (glycerin, glycerine), 0.05% BSA, 59% PBS
  • Concentration information loading...
  • Purity

    Protein A purified
  • Clonality

    Monoclonal
  • Clone number

    EPR24992-18
  • Isotype

    IgG
  • Research areas

    • Immunology
    • Adaptive Immunity
    • B Cells
    • Non-CD
    • Signal Transduction
    • Protein Phosphorylation
    • Ser / Thr Phosphatases
    • Signal Transduction
    • Signaling Pathway
    • Calcium Signaling
    • Calmodulin Pathway

Associated products

  • Alternative Versions

    • Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] - BSA and Azide free (ab303483)
    • Anti-NPTX2 antibody [EPR27176-81] - BSA and Azide free (ab305258)
  • Compatible Secondaries

    • VeriBlot for IP Detection Reagent (HRP) (ab131366)
    • Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab97051)
  • Isotype control

    • Rabbit IgG, monoclonal [EPR25A] - Isotype Control (ab172730)

Applications

The Abpromise guarantee

Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab303482 in the following tested applications.

The application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.

Application Abreviews Notes
WB
1/1000. Detects a band of approximately 15 kDa.
IHC-P
1/5000. Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.
IP
1/30.
Notes
WB
1/1000. Detects a band of approximately 15 kDa.
IHC-P
1/5000. Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.
IP
1/30.
Application notes
Is unsuitable for Flow Cyt (Intra) or IHC-Fr.

Target

  • Function

    Regulatory subunit of calcineurin, a calcium-dependent, calmodulin stimulated protein phosphatase. Confers calcium sensitivity.
  • Sequence similarities

    Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family.
    Contains 4 EF-hand domains.
  • Target information above from: UniProt accession P63098 The UniProt Consortium
    The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) in 2010
    Nucleic Acids Res. 38:D142-D148 (2010) .

    Information by UniProt
  • Database links

    • Entrez Gene: 5534 Human
    • Entrez Gene: 19058 Mouse
    • Entrez Gene: 29748 Rat
    • Omim: 601302 Human
    • SwissProt: P63098 Human
    • SwissProt: Q63810 Mouse
    • SwissProt: P63100 Rat
    • Unigene: 280604 Human
    • Unigene: 41840 Mouse
    • Unigene: 42903 Rat
    see all
  • Alternative names

    • alpha isoform (calcineurin B, type I) antibody
    • calcineurin B, type I (19kDa) antibody
    • Calcineurin subunit B type 1 antibody
    • CALNB1 antibody
    • CANB1_HUMAN antibody
    • Cna2 antibody
    • CNB antibody
    • CNB1 antibody
    • OTTHUMP00000201960 antibody
    • OTTHUMP00000201961 antibody
    • Ppp3r1 antibody
    • PPP3R1 protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), regulatory subunit B, alpha isoform antibody
    • protein phosphatase3 (formerly2B), regulatory subunit B, alpha isoform antibody
    • Protein phosphatase 2B regulatory subunit 1 antibody
    • Protein phosphatase 2B regulatory subunit B alpha antibody
    • protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), regulatory subunit B, 19kDa, alpha isoform (calcineurin B, type I) antibody
    • Protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), regulatory subunit B (19kD), alpha isoform (calcineurin B, type I) antibody
    • Protein phosphatase 3 regulatory subunit B alpha antibody
    • Protein phosphatase 3 regulatory subunit B alpha isoform 1 antibody
    see all

Images

  • Western blot - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Western blot - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    All lanes : Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482) at 1/1000 dilution

    Lane 1 : Mouse brain tissue lysate 20 µg
    Lane 2 : Mouse kidney tissue lysate 20 µg
    Lane 3 : Mouse heart tissue lysate 20 µg
    Lane 4 : Rat brain tissue lysate 20 µg
    Lane 5 : Rat kidney tissue lysate 20 µg
    Lane 6 : Rat heart tissue lysate 20 µg

    Secondary
    All lanes : Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG, (H+L), Peroxidase conjugated (ab97051) at 1/100000 dilution

    Observed band size: 15 kDa why is the actual band size different from the predicted?



    Blocking and diluting buffer and concentration: 5% NFDM/TBSTLow expression: heart, kidney (PMID:8110831).

     

     Exposure time: 10 seconds

     

  • Western blot - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Western blot - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    All lanes : Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482) at 1/1000 dilution

    Lane 1 : SK-N-SH (human neuroblastoma epithelial cell), whole cell lysate 20 µg
    Lane 2 : SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma epithelial cell), whole cell lysate 20 µg
    Lane 3 : Neuro-2a (mouse neuroblastoma neuroblast), whole cell lysate 20 µg

    Secondary
    All lanes : Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG, (H+L), Peroxidase conjugated (ab97051) at 1/100000 dilution

    Observed band size: 15 kDa why is the actual band size different from the predicted?



    Blocking and diluting buffer and concentration: 5% NFDM/TBSTThis blot was developed using a high sensitivity ECL substrate.

     Exposure time: 180 seconds

     

  • Western blot - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Western blot - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    All lanes : Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482) at 1/1000 dilution

    Lane 1 : HEK-293T cells transfected with a human PPP3R1 expression vector containing a his tag, whole cell lysate, 20 µg
    Lane 2 : HEK-293T cells transfected with a human PPP3R2 expression vector containing a his tag, whole cell lysate, 20 µg

    Secondary
    All lanes : Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG, (H+L), Peroxidase conjugated (ab97051) at 1/100000 dilution


    Blocking and diluting buffer and concentration: 5% NFDM/TBSTThis antibody does not cross-react with human PPP3R2.

     Exposure time: 50 seconds

     

  • Immunoprecipitation - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Immunoprecipitation - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 was immunoprecipitated from 0.35 mg Rat brain tissue lysate 10 ug with ab303482 at 1/30 dilution (2ug in 0.35mg lysates). Western blot was performed on the immunoprecipitate using ab303482 at 1/1000 dilution. VeriBlot for IP secondary antibody(HRP)(ab131366) was used at 1/5000 dilution.

    Lane 1: Rat brain tissue lysate 10 ug

    Lane 2: abab303482 IP in Rat brain tissue lysate

    Lane 3:Rabbit monoclonal IgG (ab172730) instead of ab303482 in rat brain tissue lysate

    Blocking and dilution buffer and concentration: 5% NFDM/TBST.

    Exposure time: 180 seconds

    This blot was developed using a high sensitivity ECL substrate.

  • Immunoprecipitation - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Immunoprecipitation - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 was immunoprecipitated from 0.35 mg Mouse brain tissue lysate 10 ug with ab303482 at 1/30 dilution (2ug in 0.35mg lysates). Western blot was performed on the immunoprecipitate using ab303482 at 1/1000 dilution. VeriBlot for IP secondary antibody(HRP)(ab131366) was used at 1/5000 dilution.

    Lane 1: Mouse brain tissue lysate 10 ug

    Lane 2: abab303482 IP in Mouse brain tissue lysate

    Lane 3:Rabbit monoclonal IgG (ab172730) instead of ab303482 in mouse brain tissue lysate

    Blocking and dilution buffer and concentration: 5% NFDM/TBST.

    Exposure time: 180 seconds

    This blot was developed using a high sensitivity ECL substrate.

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Rat cardiac muscle tissue labeling Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 with ab303482 at 1/5000 (0.097 ug/ml) followed by a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection) was used. Negative control: No staining on rat cardiac muscle. The section was incubated with ab303482 for 30 mins at room temperature.The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument Counterstained with Hematoxylin.

    Secondary antibody only control: Secondary antibody is a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection) was used.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Mouse kidney tissue labeling Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 with ab303482 at 1/5000 (0.097 ug/ml) followed by a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection) was used. Negative control: No staining on mouse kidney. The section was incubated with ab303482 for 30 mins at room temperature.The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument Counterstained with Hematoxylin.

    Secondary antibody only control: Secondary antibody is a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection) was used.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Human cardiac muscle tissue labeling Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 with ab303482 at 1/5000 (0.097 ug/ml) followed by a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection) was used. Negative control: No staining on human cardiac muscle. The section was incubated with ab303482 for 30 mins at room temperature.The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument Counterstained with Hematoxylin.

    Secondary antibody only control: Secondary antibody is a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection) was used.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Rat cerebrum tissue labeling Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 with ab303482 at 1/5000 (0.097 ug/ml) followed by a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ , Polymer Refine Detection) was used. Positive staining on rat cerebrum. The section was incubated with ab303482 for 30 mins at room temperature.The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument Counterstained with Hematoxylin.

    Secondary antibody only control: Secondary antibody is a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection) was used.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Mouse cerebrum tissue labeling Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 with ab303482 at 1/5000 (0.097 ug/ml) followed by a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection) was used. Positive staining on mouse cerebrum. The section was incubated with ab303482 for 30 mins at room temperature.The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument Counterstained with Hematoxylin.

    Secondary antibody only control: Secondary antibody is a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection) was used.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Human cerebrum tissue labeling Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 with ab303482 at 1/5000 (0.097 ug/ml) followed by a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection) was used. Positive staining on human cerebrum. The section was incubated with ab303482 for 30 mins at room temperature.The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument Counterstained with Hematoxylin.

    Secondary antibody only control: Secondary antibody is a ready to use LeicaDS9800 (Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection) was used.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins

  • Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)
    Anti-Calcineurin B/PPP3R1 antibody [EPR24992-18] (ab303482)

Protocols

To our knowledge, customised protocols are not required for this product. Please try the standard protocols listed below and let us know how you get on.

Click here to view the general protocols

Datasheets and documents

  • SDS download

  • Datasheet download

    Download

Certificate of Compliance

To download a Certificate of Compliance, please enter your Lot number below:

References (0)

Publishing research using ab303482? Please let us know so that we can cite the reference in this datasheet.

ab303482 has not yet been referenced specifically in any publications.

Customer reviews and Q&As

Show All Reviews Q&A
Submit a review Submit a question

There are currently no Customer reviews or Questions for ab303482.
Please use the links above to contact us or submit feedback about this product.

Please note: All products are "FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR USE IN DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES"
For licensing inquiries, please contact partnerships@abcam.com

Get resources and offers direct to your inbox Sign up
A-Z by research area
  • Cancer
  • Cardiovascular
  • Cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics & Nuclear signaling
  • Immunology
  • Metabolism
  • Microbiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Signal transduction
  • Stem cells
A-Z by product type
  • Primary antibodies
  • Secondary antibodies
  • Biochemicals
  • Isotype controls
  • Flow cytometry multi-color selector
  • Kits
  • Loading controls
  • Lysates
  • Peptides
  • Proteins
  • Slides
  • Tags and cell markers
  • Tools & Reagents
Help & support
  • Support
  • Make an Inquiry
  • Protocols & troubleshooting
  • Placing an order
  • RabMAb products
  • Biochemical product FAQs
  • Training
  • Browse by Target
Company
  • Corporate site
  • Investor relations
  • Company news
  • Careers
  • About us
  • Blog
Events
  • Tradeshows
  • Conferences
International websites
  • abcam.cn
  • abcam.co.jp

Join with us

  • LinkedIn
  • facebook
  • Twitter
  • YouTube
  • Terms of sale
  • Website terms of use
  • Cookie policy
  • Privacy policy
  • Legal
  • Modern slavery statement
© 1998-2023 Abcam plc. All rights reserved.