Molecular targets of glycolysis

Inhibitors

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HKII

Once glucose has entered the cell it is phosphorylated by hexokinase (HK) to glucose-6-phosphate, and the process of glycolysis is initiated. This stage is crucial for glycolysis as not only is it a rate limiting step, it’s high affinity for glucose means glycolysis can take place when serum levels of glucose are low. Out of the four types of the HK enzyme, HK2 is the most abundant, and is bound to the mitochondrial outer membrane.

To alter metabolism at this stage or quantify expression levels see the recommended products below.

Markers

Inhibitors

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PFK

The next step of glycolysis is also a rate limiting one. In this stage the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate takes place. This reaction is catalyzed by PFK1, and is modulated by the intracellular concentration of fructose 2,6 biphosphate, which is itself regulated by enzymes called PFKFBs.

To alter metabolism at this stage or quantify expression levels please see the recommended products below.

Markers

Inhibitors

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GAPDH

GAPDH is one of the most important enzymes involved in cell energy metabolism, as it facilitates the first energy-producing reaction in the glycolysis pathway. It catalyses the oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). NADH production not only effects metabolism but is involved in the regulation of intracellular ROS levels within the cell.  

To alter metabolism at this stage or quantify expression levels see the recommended products below.

Markers

Inhibitors

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PK-M2

The next stage of glycolysis is the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (PK) and the generation of ATP in the process. Among the various isoforms of PK, the M2 isoform of muscle specific PK is widely expressed in cells with a high rate of nucleic acid synthesis, such as normal proliferating cells, embryonic cells, and tumor cells.

To alter metabolism at this stage or quantify expression levels see the recommended products below.

Markers

Inhibitors

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LDH

The final step in glycolysis is the conversion of pyruvate into lactate, catalysed by LDH. LDH is also involved in the maintenance of a high glycolytic rate, and is transported into the extracellular space via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to prevent harmful build-up within the cell.

To alter metabolism at this stage or quantify expression levels see the recommended products below.

Markers

Inhibitors