Recombinant Anti-CD163 antibody [EPR19518] (ab182422)
Key features and details
- Produced recombinantly (animal-free) for high batch-to-batch consistency and long term security of supply
- Rabbit monoclonal [EPR19518] to CD163
- Suitable for: Flow Cyt, mIHC, IHC-P, WB, IHC-Fr
- Reacts with: Mouse, Rat, Human
Related conjugates and formulations
Overview
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Product name
Anti-CD163 antibody [EPR19518]
See all CD163 primary antibodies -
Description
Rabbit monoclonal [EPR19518] to CD163 -
Host species
Rabbit -
Tested applications
Suitable for: Flow Cyt, mIHC, IHC-P, WB, IHC-Frmore details -
Species reactivity
Reacts with: Mouse, Rat, Human -
Immunogen
Recombinant fragment. This information is proprietary to Abcam and/or its suppliers.
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Positive control
- WB: Human fetal liver, spleen and tonsil lysates; Mouse and rat liver, heart, spleen and thymus lysates; IHC-P: Human liver, tonsil and placenta tissue.; human breast carcinoma tissue; Mouse liver and spleen tissue. Rat liver, achilles and muscle tissues; IHC-Fr: Mouse spleen and liver tissues. Flow Cyt: Human PBMC cells. ICC: SU-DHL-1 cells. mIHC: Human lung cancer and liver tissues.
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General notes
This product is a recombinant monoclonal antibody, which offers several advantages including:
- - High batch-to-batch consistency and reproducibility
- - Improved sensitivity and specificity
- - Long-term security of supply
- - Animal-free production
Our RabMAb® technology is a patented hybridoma-based technology for making rabbit monoclonal antibodies. For details on our patents, please refer to RabMAb® patents.
Properties
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Form
Liquid -
Storage instructions
Shipped at 4°C. Store at +4°C short term (1-2 weeks). Upon delivery aliquot. Store at -20°C long term. Avoid freeze / thaw cycle. -
Storage buffer
pH: 7.20
Preservative: 0.01% Sodium azide
Constituents: PBS, 40% Glycerol (glycerin, glycerine), 0.05% BSA -
Concentration information loading...
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Purity
Protein A purified -
Clonality
Monoclonal -
Clone number
EPR19518 -
Isotype
IgG -
Research areas
Associated products
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Alternative Versions
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Compatible Secondaries
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Conjugation kits
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Isotype control
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Recombinant Protein
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Related Products
Applications
The Abpromise guarantee
Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab182422 in the following tested applications.
The application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Application | Abreviews | Notes |
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Flow Cyt |
1/60.
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mIHC |
1/300.
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IHC-P | (15) |
1/500. Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.
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WB | (1) |
1/1000. Detects a band of approximately 150 kDa (predicted molecular weight: 121 kDa).
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IHC-Fr |
1/200.
Antigen retrieval: Heated citrate solution (10mM citrate pH 6.0 + 0.05% Tween-20). |
Notes |
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Flow Cyt
1/60. |
mIHC
1/300. |
IHC-P
1/500. Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol. |
WB
1/1000. Detects a band of approximately 150 kDa (predicted molecular weight: 121 kDa). |
IHC-Fr
1/200. Antigen retrieval: Heated citrate solution (10mM citrate pH 6.0 + 0.05% Tween-20). |
Target
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Function
Acute phase-regulated receptor involved in clearance and endocytosis of hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes by macrophages and may thereby protect tissues from free hemoglobin-mediated oxidative damage. May play a role in the uptake and recycling of iron, via endocytosis of hemoglobin/haptoglobin and subsequent breakdown of heme. Binds hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes in a calcium-dependent and pH-dependent manner. Exhibits a higher affinity for complexes of hemoglobin and multimeric haptoglobin of HP*1F phenotype than for complexes of hemoglobin and dimeric haptoglobin of HP*1S phenotype. Induces a cascade of intracellular signals that involves tyrosine kinase-dependent calcium mobilization, inositol triphosphate production and secretion of IL6 and CSF1. Isoform 3 exhibits the higher capacity for ligand endocytosis and the more pronounced surface expression when expressed in cells.
After shedding, the soluble form (sCD163) may play an anti-inflammatory role, and may be a valuable diagnostic parameter for monitoring macrophage activation in inflammatory conditions. -
Tissue specificity
Expressed in monocytes and mature macrophages such as Kupffer cells in the liver, red pulp macrophages in the spleen, cortical macrophages in the thymus, resident bone marrow macrophages and meningeal macrophages of the central nervous system. Expressed also in blood. Isoform 1 is the lowest abundant in the blood. Isoform 2 is the lowest abundant in the liver and the spleen. Isoform 3 is the predominant isoform detected in the blood. -
Sequence similarities
Contains 9 SRCR domains. -
Domain
The SRCR domain 3 mediates calcium-sensitive interaction with hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes. -
Post-translational
modificationsA soluble form (sCD163) is produced by proteolytic shedding which can be induced by lipopolysaccharide, phorbol ester and Fc region of immunoglobulin gamma. This cleavage is dependent on protein kinase C and tyrosine kinases and can be blocked by protease inhibitors. The shedding is inhibited by the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase TIMP3, and thus probably induced by membrane-bound metalloproteinases ADAMs.
Phosphorylated. -
Cellular localization
Secreted and Cell membrane. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 show a lower surface expression when expressed in cells. - Information by UniProt
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Database links
- Entrez Gene: 9332 Human
- Entrez Gene: 93671 Mouse
- Entrez Gene: 312701 Rat
- Omim: 605545 Human
- SwissProt: Q86VB7 Human
- SwissProt: Q2VLH6 Mouse
- Unigene: 504641 Human
- Unigene: 37426 Mouse
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Alternative names
- C163A_HUMAN antibody
- CD 163 antibody
- CD163 antibody
see all
Images
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Fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical analysis of human liver (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded section). Panel A shows merged staining of anti-eNOS stained on endothelial cells (ab252439; red; Opal™570) at 1:1000 ( 1.004 μg/ml) [Panel B], anti-CD163 stained on Kupffer cells (ab213612; green; Opal™520) at 1:8000 ( 0.13 μg/ml) [Panel B], and anti-Glucose Transporter GLUT2 stained on membrane of hepatocytes (ab234440; gray; Opal™690) at 1:200 ( 3.005 μg/ml) [Panel D] on human liver. DAPI was used as a nuclear counter stain. Followed by Opal Polymer HRP Ms + Rb secondary. The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument with an Opal™ 4-color kit. Image acquisition was performed with Leica SP8 confocal microscope. The section was incubated in three rounds of staining: in the order of ab234440, ab213612, and ab252439 for 30 mins at room temperature. Each round was followed by a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system. Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins was used.
This data was developed using ab213612, the same antibody clone in a different buffer formulation.
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Fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical analysis of human liver (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded section). Panel A shows merged staining of anti-MASP2 stained on cytoplasm of hepatocytes (ab277520; gray; Opal™690) at 1:100 ( 5.22 μg/ml) [Panel B] , anti-CD163 stained on Kupffer cells (ab213612; green; Opal™520) at 1:8000 ( 0.13 μg/ml) [Panel C], and anti-eNOS tained on endothelial cells (ab252439; red; Opal™570) at 1:200 ( 3.005 μg/ml) [Panel D] on human liver. DAPI was used as a nuclear counter stain. Followed by Opal Polymer HRP Ms + Rb secondary. The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument with an Opal™ 4-color kit. Image acquisition was performed with Leica SP8 confocal microscope. The section was incubated in three rounds of staining: in the order of ab277520, ab213612, and ab252439 for 30 mins at room temperature. Each round was followed by a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system. Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins was used.
This data was developed using ab213612, the same antibody clone in a different buffer formulation.
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10-color fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical analysis of human lung cancer tissue (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded section).
Merged staining of anti-FOXP3 (ab215206; Cyan; TG540N), anti-PD1 (ab52587; Red; TG700N), anti-CD163 (ab182422; Brown; TG650N), anti-HLA-DR (ab92511; Yellow; TG570N), anti-CD4 (ab133616; Violet; TG620N), anti-CD8 alpha (ab101500; Purple; TG540S), anti-CD20 (ab9475; Grey; TG660S), anti-CD68 (ab192847; Green; TG520N), anti-Cytokeratin 19 (ab52625; Light blue; TG440N). TG470SN (dark blue) was used as a nuclear counter stain. The inset image shows the separate CD163 signal.
The section was incubated in nine rounds of staining; in the order of ab215206 (1/100 dilution), ab52587 (1/200 dilution), ab182422 (1/300 dilution), ab92511 (1/200 dilution), ab133616 (1/600 dilution), ab101500 (1/300 dilution), ab9475 (1/100 dilution), ab192847 (1/300 dilution), ab52625 (1/400 dilution); each using a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system.
Sodium citrate antigen retrieval (pH6.0) was used in between rounds of tyramide signal amplification to remove the antibody from the previous round, to avoid any cross-reactivity.
Image acquisition was performed with TissueFAXS Spectra (TissueGnostics).
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10-color fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical analysis of human lung cancer tissue (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded section).
Merged staining of anti-FOXP3 (ab215206; Cyan; TG540N), anti-PD1 (ab52587; Violet; TG700N), anti-CD163 (ab182422; Red; TG650N), anti-HLA-DR (ab92511; Yellow; TG570N), anti-CD4 (ab133616; Orange; TG620N), anti-CD8 alpha (ab101500; Purple; TG540S), anti-CD20 (ab9475; Grey; TG660S), anti-CD68 (ab192847; Green; TG520N), anti-Cytokeratin 19 (ab52625; Light blue; TG440N). TG470SN (dark blue) was used as a nuclear counter stain.
The section was incubated in nine rounds of staining; in the order of ab215206 (1/100 dilution), ab52587 (1/200 dilution), ab182422 (1/300 dilution), ab92511 (1/200 dilution), ab133616 (1/600 dilution), ab101500 (1/300 dilution), ab9475 (1/100 dilution), ab192847 (1/300 dilution), ab52625 (1/400 dilution); each using a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system.
Sodium citrate antigen retrieval (pH6.0) was used in between rounds of tyramide signal amplification to remove the antibody from the previous round, to avoid any cross-reactivity.
Image acquisition was performed with TissueFAXS Spectra (TissueGnostics).
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10% NBF, non-permeabilized mouse spleen tissue stained for CD163 with ab182422 (12 hours, 4°C at a 1/200 dilution) in immunohistochemical analysis. A Donkey anti Rabbit IgG polyclonal AlexaFluor®647 conjugate was used as the secondary at a 1/200 dilution (red).
Heat mediated antigen retrieval buffer/enzyme used: Sodium citrate pH 6.0.
Blocking step: 5% serum for 1 hour at 21°C.
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Flow cytometry analysis of human PBMC cells (Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell) labeling with ab182422 at 1/60 dilution, 11.23 μg/ml (red). Goat anti rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor® 488, ab150081) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/2000.
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Immunohistochemical analysis of formalin fixed paraffin embedded human tonsil labelling CD163 with ab182422 at 2 µg/ml. The immunostaining was performed on a Ventana DISCOVERY ULTRA (Roche Tissue Diagnostics) instrument with an OptiView DAB IHC Detection Kit. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was conducted for 32min with ULTRA cell conditioning solution (CC1 pH8.5). ab182422 anti CD163 antibody was incubated at 37°C for 16min. Sections were counterstained is with Hematoxylin II. Image inset shows absence of staining in secondary antibody only control.
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Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse spleen tissue labeling CD163 with ab182422 at 1/500 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab97051) at 1/500 dilution. Cytoplasm staining on mouse spleen is observed. Counter stained with Hematoxylin. Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is ab97051 at 1/500 dilution. Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.
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Immunohistochemical analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, 0.2% Triton X-100 permeabilized frozen mouse spleen tissue labeling CD163 with ab182422 at 1/200 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor® 488) (ab150077) secondary antibody at 1/1000 dilution (green). The result showed some cytoplasmic staining on mouse spleen. The nuclear counterstain is DAPI (blue). Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is ab150077 at 1/1000 dilution. Antigen retrieval: Heated citrate solution (10mM citrate pH 6.0 + 0.05% Tween-20).
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All lanes : Anti-CD163 antibody [EPR19518] (ab182422) at 1/1000 dilution
Lane 1 : Human fetal liver lysate
Lane 2 : Human tonsil lysate
Lane 3 : Human fetal spleen lysate
Lane 4 : U937 (Human histiocytic lymphoma cell line) whole cell lysate
Lane 5 : THP-1 (Human monocytic leukemia cell line) whole cell lysate
Lane 6 : J774A.1 (Mouse macrophage reticulum cell sarcoma cell line) whole cell lysate
Lysates/proteins at 20 µg per lane.
Secondary
All lanes : Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab97051) at 1/100000 dilution
Predicted band size: 121 kDa
Observed band size: 150 kDa why is the actual band size different from the predicted?Blocking/Dilution buffer: 5% NFDM/TBST.
Exposure time: Lane 1: 1 minute; Lane 2-5: 3 minutes.
U937 , THP-1 and J774A.1 cell lines were reported to be negative for CD163 expression.(PMID:16368951, 10648003 & 10577520).
The molecular weight observed is consistent with what has been described in the literature (PMID:9712057 & 16517975).
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Different batches of ab182422 were tested on Rat liver lysate at 2.0 µg/ml. 15 µg of lysate was loaded in each lane. Bands observed at 150 kDa.
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10% NBF, non-permeabilized rat muscle tissue stained for CD163 with ab182422 (12 hours, 4°C at a 1/200 dilution) in immunohistochemical analysis. A Donkey anti Rabbit IgG polyclonal AlexaFluor®647 conjugate was used as the secondary (red).
Heat mediated antigen retrieval buffer/enzyme used: Tris/EDTA pH 9.0.
Blocking step: 5% serum for 1 hour at 22°C.
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Formaldehyde-fixed, non-permeabilized human tonsil tissue stained for CD163 with ab182422 (30 mins at a 1/400 dilution) in immunohistochemical analysis. A Goat polyclonal HRP conjugate was used as the secondary.
Heat mediated antigen retrieval buffer/enzyme used: pH 9.0 EDTA.
Blocking step: 1% ab64226 for 10 mins at RT.
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Formaldehyde-fixed, non-permeabilized human placenta tissue stained for CD163 with ab182422 (12 hours, 4°C at a 1/200 dilution) in immunohistochemical analysis. A Goat anti Rabbit polyclonal HRP conjugate was used as the secondary at a 1/200 dilution.
Heat mediated antigen retrieval buffer/enzyme used: pH 6.0 citrate buffer.
Blocking step: 3% serum for 30 mins at 20°C.
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Formaldehyde-fixed, non-permeabilized mouse liver tissue stained for CD163 with ab182422 (12 hours, 4°C at a 1/200 dilution) in immunohistochemical analysis. A Goat anti Rabbit HRP conjugate was used as the secondary at a 1/200 dilution.
Heat mediated antigen retrieval buffer/enzyme used: pH 6.0 citrate buffer.
Blocking step: 3% serum for 30 mins at 20°C.
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10% Formalin-fixed, non-permeabilized human breast carcinoma tissue stained for CD163 with ab182422 (12 hours, 4°C at a 1/200 dilution) in immunohistochemical analysis. A Donkey anti Rabbit IgG polyclonal AlexaFluor®647 conjugate was used as the secondary at a 1/200 dilution (red).
Heat mediated antigen retrieval buffer/enzyme used: Tris/EDTA pH 9.0.
Blocking step: 5% serum for 1 hour at 22°C.
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Formaldehyde-fixed, non-permeabilized human first trimester placenta tissue stained for CD163 with ab182422 (16 hours, 4°C at a 1/250 dilution) in immunohistochemical analysis. A Pig anti Rabbit polyclonal biotin conjugate was used as the secondary at a 1/250 dilution.
Heat mediated antigen retrieval buffer/enzyme used: Sodium citrate.
Blocking step: 5% BSA for 30 mins at 22°C.
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10% NBF-fixed mouse spleen tissue stained for CD163 with ab182422 (18 hours at a 1/250 dilution) in immunohistochemical analysis. A Goat anti Rabbit IgG polyclonal AlexaFluor®647 conjugate was used as the secondary at a 1/600 dilution (red).
Heat mediated antigen retrieval buffer/enzyme used: Tris/EDTA pH 9.0.
Blocking step: 20% serum for 1 hour at RT. -
Formaldehyde-fixed, non-permeabilized mouse liver tissue stained for CD163 with ab182422 (45 mins at a 1/400 dilution) in immunohistochemical analysis. A Rabbit polyclonal HRP conjugate was used as the secondary.
Heat mediated antigen retrieval buffer/enzyme used: pH 6.0 citrate.
Blocking step: 1% ab64226 for 10 mins at RT.
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Formaldehyde-fixed, non-permeabilized rat achilles tissue stained for CD163 with ab182422 (30 mins at a 1/200 dilution) in immunohistochemical analysis. A Rabbit polyclonal HRP conjugate was used as the secondary.
Heat mediated antigen retrieval buffer/enzyme used: pH 6.0 citrate 70°C for 2hrs.
Blocking step: 1% ab64226 for 10 mins at RT. -
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human liver tissue labeling CD163 with ab182422 at 1/500 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab97051) at 1/500 dilution. Cytoplasm staining on Kupffer cells of human liver is observed. Counter stained with Hematoxylin.
Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is ab97051 at 1/500 dilution. Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.
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Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human placenta tissue labeling CD163 with ab182422 at 1/500 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab97051) at 1/500 dilution. Cytoplasm staining on Hofbauer cells in human placenta is observed. Counter stained with Hematoxylin.
Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is ab97051 at 1/500 dilution. Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.
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Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse liver tissue labeling CD163 with ab182422 at 1/500 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab97051) at 1/500 dilution. Cytoplasm staining on Kupffer cells of mouse liver is observed. Counter stained with Hematoxylin.
Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is ab97051 at 1/500 dilution. Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.
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Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat liver tissue labeling CD163 with ab182422 at 1/500 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab97051) at 1/500 dilution. Cytoplasm staining on Kupffer cells of rat liver is observed. Counter stained with Hematoxylin.
Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is ab97051 at 1/500 dilution. Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.
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Immunohistochemical analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, 0.2% Triton X-100 permeabilized frozen mouse liver tissue labeling CD163 with ab182422 at 1/200 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor® 488) (ab150077) secondary antibody at 1/1000 dilution (green). The result showed some cytoplasmic staining on mouse liver. The nuclear counterstain is DAPI (blue).
Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is ab150077 at 1/1000 dilution. Antigen retrieval: Heated citrate solution (10mM citrate pH 6.0 + 0.05% Tween-20).
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All lanes : Anti-CD163 antibody [EPR19518] (ab182422) at 1/1000 dilution
Lane 1 : Mouse liver lysate
Lane 2 : Mouse heart lysate
Lane 3 : Mouse spleen lysate
Lane 4 : Mouse thymus lysate
Lane 5 : Rat liver lysate
Lane 6 : Rat heart lysate
Lane 7 : Rat spleen lysate
Lysates/proteins at 10 µg per lane.
Secondary
All lanes : Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab97051) at 1/100000 dilution
Predicted band size: 121 kDa
Observed band size: 150 kDa why is the actual band size different from the predicted?
Exposure time: 3 minutesBlocking/Dilution buffer: 5% NFDM/TBST.
The molecular weight observed is consistent with what has been described in the literature (PMID:9712057 & 16517975).
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Tissue Microarrays stained for "Anti-CD163 antibody [EPR19518]” using "ab182422" in immunohistochemical analysis. This table provides a detailed overview of positive (tick mark) and negative (cross mark) staining per sample type tested. The sections were pre-treated using Heat mediated antigen retrieval using Bond™ Epitope Retrieval Solution 2 (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes. The sections were incubated with ab182422 for 30 mins at room temperature followed by a ready to use Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (ab209101). The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument.
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Tissue Microarrays stained for "Anti-CD163 antibody [EPR19518]” using "ab182422" in immunohistochemical analysis. This table provides a detailed overview of positive (tick mark) and negative (cross mark) staining per sample type tested. The sections were pre-treated using Heat mediated antigen retrieval using Bond™ Epitope Retrieval Solution 2 (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes. The sections were incubated with ab182422 for 30 mins at room temperature followed by a ready to use Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (ab209101). The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument.
Protocols
Datasheets and documents
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SDS download
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Datasheet download
Certificate of Compliance
References (286)
ab182422 has been referenced in 286 publications.
- Wang Y et al. Expression of FOXA1 Is Associated with the Tumor-Infiltrating M2 Macrophage, Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte, and Effect of Chemotherapy in Bladder Cancer. Urol Int 107:58-63 (2023). PubMed: 34706362
- Zhu Y et al. Integrated tumor genomic and immune microenvironment analysis identifies predictive biomarkers associated with the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy for triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Med 12:5846-5858 (2023). PubMed: 36271505
- Cai W et al. Tumor microenvironment features decipher the outperformance of neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy over chemotherapy in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Front Immunol 13:984666 (2022). PubMed: 36275670
- Tang X et al. Clinical Significance and Immune Infiltration Analyses of the Cuproptosis-Related Human Copper Proteome in Gastric Cancer. Biomolecules 12:N/A (2022). PubMed: 36291668
- Bedeir MM et al. Multiplex immunohistochemistry reveals cochlear macrophage heterogeneity and local auditory nerve inflammation in cisplatin-induced hearing loss. Front Neurol 13:1015014 (2022). PubMed: 36341090