Angiogenesis Assay Kit (In Vitro)

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Activity summary

Tube formation also referred to as endothelial tube formation describes a process where endothelial cells create capillary-like structures. This process occurs in vitro during angiogenic assays and serves as a vital component in angiogenesis the growth of new blood vessels from existing ones. The endothelial tube formation can be observed using various in vitro assay methods including the use of the HUVEC tube formation assay. Endothelial cells express specific proteins on their surface that mediate adhesion and growth signals essential for this process. These cells typically weigh about 120 kDa and are predominantly expressed in blood vessel-lining tissues.

Biological function summary

Endothelial cells are responsible for the formation of tubular networks that provide the structural framework for vascular systems. These cells secrete factors that enable the remodeling and stabilization of new blood vessels. The process of tube formation involves the collaboration of multiple complexes including the integrin complexes which facilitate cell adhesion and migration necessary for angiogenesis. During in vitro assays endothelial tube formation assays use unique environments created by in vitro kits that mimic the extracellular matrix promoting the cells' ability to form interconnected tube structures mimicking in vivo conditions.

Pathways

Endothelial tube formation is integral within angiogenic pathways particularly the VEGF signaling pathway. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important protein that stimulates endothelial cell function promoting their proliferation and migration. Another pivotal pathway is the Notch signaling pathway which works alongside VEGF signaling to facilitate the precise organization and maturation of the formed tubes. Proteins such as eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) play significant roles in these pathways by mediating responses fundamental for blood vessel formation and vascular tone regulation.

Associated diseases and disorders

The dysfunctional regulation of endothelial tube formation is linked to pathological conditions like cancer and diabetic retinopathy. In cancer abnormal angiogenesis facilitates tumor growth and metastasis. VEGF overexpression creates an excessive network of immature vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients and oxygen. Conversely in diabetic retinopathy faulty tube formation contributes to the development of aberrant blood vessel structures leading to impaired vision. Both pathogenic processes are associated with altered expressions of factors like VEGF and integrins emphasizing the important role of endothelial tube formation in maintaining normal vascular function.