Fumarate Assay Kit

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Activity summary

Fumarate also known as fumaric acid is an important intermediate in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). This molecule has a relatively low molecular weight of about 116.07 g/mol. Fumarate is present in various tissues throughout the body particularly in cells with high metabolic activity where the citric acid cycle is active. As a component of cellular respiration fumarate plays an important role in energy production and metabolism facilitating the continuation of the cycle by converting succinate to malate through the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.

Biological function summary

The role of fumarate extends beyond its mechanical conversion functions. It takes part in several cellular processes and is involved in redox reactions. It serves as a substrate for the enzyme fumarase which catalyzes the reversible hydration to malate further linking it with metabolic and redox equilibria. Additionally fumarate forms part of the succinate dehydrogenase complex which integrates into both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain having a dual function in energy production.

Pathways

Fumarate integrates within the interconnected web of the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. These pathways are important for oxidative phosphorylation where ATP production occurs. The fumarate transformation conducted by succinate dehydrogenase positions it within a protein complex pivotal for these pathways. This intertwined connection signifies an important relationship with other metabolic intermediates and proteins like NADH and ATP synthase which are necessary for cellular energy balance.

Associated diseases and disorders

Fumarate has associations with conditions like fumarase deficiency and hereditary leiomyomatosis. Fumarase deficiency brings about severe neurological abnormalities due to disruptions in cellular energy metabolism. The relationship between fumarate and certain tumors involves its interaction with proteins such as fumarate hydratase where mutations can lead to abnormal accumulation and oncogenesis. Understanding fumarate's biochemical role may provide further insights into therapeutic pathways for these conditions.