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Gamma H2A.

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Images

Fluorescence Microscopy - Gamma H2A.X Staining Kit (AB242296), expandable thumbnail

Target data

Function

Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation.

Alternative names

What's included?

20 Test
Components
Anti-Phospho-Histone H2A.X (Ser139) Antibody
1 x 20 µL
DNA DSB Inducer
1 x 50 µL
Secondary Antibody, FITC-Conjugate
1 x 40 µL

Recommended products

Gamma H2A.

Storage

Shipped at conditions

Blue Ice

Appropriate short-term storage conditions

-20°C

Appropriate long-term storage conditions

-20°C

Storage information

-20°C

Notes

Gamma H2A.X Staining Kit (ab242296) is based on the phosphorylation of the histone H2A.X at serine 139 in response to DNA damaging agents which cause double strand breaks in cells that are cultured in microtiter plates.

The kit provides sufficient reagents for up to 100 stainings in 96- well plate

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Activity summary

Gamma H2A.X also known as phospho H2A.X or γH2A.X is a phosphorylated form of the histone variant H2A.X. It has a molecular weight of about 14 kilodaltons and occurs primarily in they nucleus. When DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) occur serine 139 in H2A.X undergoes rapid phosphorylation resulting in gamma H2A.X. This modification happens swiftly at the site of damage and gamma H2A.X spreads over a large chromatin area facilitating the recruitment of DNA repair proteins. Gamma H2A.X staining typically evaluated using gamma H2A.X immunofluorescence techniques aids in identifying the presence and extent of DNA damage.

Biological function summary

Gamma H2A.X plays a role in DNA damage response and repair. It does not operate alone; it acts as part of a complex with other repair proteins. The formation of gamma H2A.X foci at DNA damage sites creates a signal attracting repair factors that help maintain genome stability. Its interaction with MDC1 and ATM proteins exemplifies its significant role in orchestrating an effective response to DNA damage. Beyond DNA repair gamma H2A.X influences cell cycle checkpoints permitting cells to pause and repair before proceeding with division.

Pathways

Gamma H2A.X plays a pivotal role in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. This pathway is essential for detecting and repairing DNA lesions to uphold genomic integrity. Within the DDR pathway gamma H2A.X is closely associated with proteins such as NBS1 and BRCA1 which assist in repairing double-strand breaks. In addition gamma H2A.X is integral to the ATM-ATR signaling pathway where its activation promotes cell survival following genotoxic stress by signaling for damage repair or triggering apoptosis.

Associated diseases and disorders

Gamma H2A.X has connections to cancer and neurodegeneration. Aberrant DNA repair pathways often indicated by persistent gamma H2A.X signals correlate with tumor formation and progression. For instance a failure to repair DNA damage effectively can lead to mutations that drive cancer development. Gamma H2A.X also links to neurodegenerative diseases where dysregulated DNA repair contributes to neuronal cell death. Proteins like p53 which regulate cell cycle and apoptosis further connect to gamma H2A.X bridging its role in disease pathogenesis.

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1 product image

  • Fluorescence Microscopy - Gamma H2A.X Staining Kit (ab242296), expandable thumbnail

    Fluorescence Microscopy - Gamma H2A.X Staining Kit (ab242296)

    DNA DSB Formation in A549 Cells.

    A549 cells were seeded at 50,000/well overnight, then treated with (B) and without (A) 100 μM Etoposide for 1 hour.

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Product protocols

For this product, it's our understanding that no specific protocols are required. You can:

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