Emodin, 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor

Supplementary information

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

The Estrogen Receptor (ER) family which includes Estrogen Receptor beta (ERβ) is a group of nuclear receptors activated by the hormone estrogen. These receptors often referred to simply as ER or ERβ for short have a molecular mass of around 65-70 kDa. They are predominantly expressed in tissues such as the breast prostate ovary and brain. In addition to estrogen receptors Casein Kinase 2 alpha (CSNK2A2) and beta subunits are important too both forming the Casein Kinase 2 (CK2) holoenzyme. CK2 is ubiquitously expressed and known for its serine/threonine kinase activity. Histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) is another target involved in chromatin remodeling and gene expression primarily expressed in the brain and muscle tissue.

Biological function summary

Estrogen Receptors play significant roles in gene transcription regulation and modulate the growth and function of tissues responsive to steroid hormones. They usually act as dimers and can form complexes with other proteins to activate or repress transcription. CK2 which consists of two alpha subunits (like CSNK2A2) and two regulatory beta subunits phosphorylates various target proteins affecting cellular processes like cell cycle control. HDAC9 regulates chromatin structure by removing acetyl groups from histone proteins thereby influencing gene expression patterns. Collectively these proteins contribute to diverse cellular functions impacting development homeostasis and response to environmental stimuli.

Pathways

These proteins integrate into multiple signaling cascades. Estrogen Receptors are key components of the hormone signaling pathway impacting the expression of genes involved in reproductive tissue function and development. They are related to proteins such as CREB and AP1 which also mediate gene expression. CK2 associates with the Wnt signaling pathway affecting cellular dynamics and proliferation. It interacts with proteins like β-catenin playing a part in oncogenic processes. HDAC9 participates in the regulation of the Notch signaling pathway connecting to proteins like NICD (Notch intracellular domain) which are important for determining cell fate and differentiation.

Estrogen Receptor dysregulation often links to breast and prostate cancers due to its critical function in cell proliferation. Aberrant ER signaling can lead to hormone-dependent tumor growth interacting with proteins such as HER2. CK2 has associations with cancer as well specifically chronic lymphocytic leukemia due to its role in cell survival and apoptosis. The CSNK2A2 subunit influences pathways instrumental in cancer progression. HDAC9 dysregulation is connected to cardiac hypertrophy with changes impacting cardiac myocyte function. HDAC9-associated disorders often involve interplay with MEF2 proteins which control muscle gene expression and differentiation.