Helenalin, NF-kappaB inhibitor

Supplementary information

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

CFTR also known as the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator functions as a chloride ion channel in epithelial cells. This protein weighs approximately 168 kDa and localizes mainly at the apical surface of epithelial cells. MDM2 a well-known negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and is present mainly in the nucleus. Geminin is a 25 kDa protein important for inhibiting DNA replication initiation and can be found in the nucleus during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. NR2E3 also recognized as Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2 Group E Member 3 plays a role in retinal development and lies in photoreceptor cells. IDH1 (Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1) catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate and locates in the cytoplasm. Atad5 known as ATPase Family AAA Domain-containing Protein 5 assists in DNA replication and repair primarily in the nucleus during DNA synthesis.

Biological function summary

CFTR regulates ion transport across epithelial membranes and maintains fluid homeostasis. It integrates into the complex and dynamic processes involving epithelial barrier function. MDM2 controls p53 levels affecting cell cycle and apoptosis. Geminin prevents DNA re-replication by inhibiting DNA replication licensing. NR2E3 modulates photoreceptor gene expression in the retina functioning with other transcription factors. IDH1 plays a critical role in the Krebs cycle facilitating energy production and biomolecular synthesis. Atad5 helps in removing blockages during DNA replication ensuring genome stability.

Pathways

CFTR is essential in the cAMP-regulated pathway impacting ion homeostasis including the ENaC pathway. It connects with protein kinases like PKA. MDM2 situates itself within the p53 signaling pathway working alongside proteins like ARF. Geminin interacts within the DNA replication licensing pathway with proteins such as Cdt1. NR2E3 is part of the phototransduction pathway linked to CRX. IDH1 functions in the citric acid cycle associated with enzymes like ACO1. Atad5 operates within the DNA damage response pathway related to PCNA.

CFTR mutations lead to cystic fibrosis where dysfunctional ion transport causes mucus build-up. It interrelates with proteins like ENaC causing respiratory symptoms. MDM2 amplification or overexpression often associates with various cancers especially breast cancer due to disrupted p53 activity. Geminin when deregulated correlates with cancers such as cervical cancer due to uncontrolled DNA replication. Mutations in NR2E3 cause Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome impacting vision. IDH1 mutations are prevalent in gliomas affecting metabolic pathways. Atad5 defects link to genome instabilities associated with cancer predisposition.