Ursolic acid, Pentacyclic triterpenoid

Supplementary information

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

NF-kB p65 also known as RelA forms a critical component of the NF-kB transcription factor complex. This protein generally weighs about 65 kDa and localizes primarily to the cytoplasm but translocates to the nucleus during activation. DNA Polymerase beta is a small protein involved in base excision repair weighing approximately 39 kDa and found mainly in the nucleus of cells. GPCR TGR5 also referred to as GPBAR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor found in plasma membranes of various tissues including liver and intestines. ROR gamma a nuclear receptor also known as RORC weighs about 56 kDa and is generally expressed in immune cells. OATP1B1 known as SLCO1B1 is a transporter protein mainly expressed in the liver influencing drug metabolism. Aromatase or CYP19A1 is a cytochrome P450 enzyme expressed in various tissues including gonads and adipose tissue and weighs around 58 kDa. HSD11B1 is an enzyme involved in cortisol metabolism expressed primarily in adipose tissue and liver. Aldose reductase found in many tissues plays a role in the polyol pathway and weighs about 36 kDa.

Biological function summary

NF-kB p65 regulates gene expression in response to stress infection and cytokines as part of the NF-kB complex. It associates within a larger complex that translocates to the nucleus to modulate transcription. DNA Polymerase beta plays an important role in DNA repair filling in single nucleotide gaps generated during repair processes. GPCR TGR5 acts as a bile acid sensor influencing bile acid homeostasis and energy metabolism. As a transcription factor ROR gamma regulates immune responses and lymphoid organogenesis. OATP1B1 acts as a transporter affecting the hepatic uptake of various endogenous compounds and drugs. Aromatase converts androgens to estrogens influencing reproductive function and sex steroid-related processes. HSD11B1 modulates local concentrations of active glucocorticoids impacting glucose metabolism. Aldose reductase reduces aldehydes to alcohols having significant roles in oxidative stress responses.

Pathways

NF-kB p65 participates in the NF-kB signaling pathway which is important for immune and inflammatory responses. It is related to IkB proteins which inhibit NF-kB by retaining it in the cytoplasm. DNA Polymerase beta functions in the base excision repair pathway where its activity is connected to other proteins like XRCC1 that coordinate repair complexes. GPCR TGR5 is involved in the bile acid signaling pathway working in conjunction with the FXR receptor to maintain metabolic balance. The activity of ROR gamma is pivotal within the Th17 differentiation pathway where it's linked to IL-17A production. OATP1B1 plays a role in detoxification pathways often interacting with drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. Aromatase is part of the steroidogenesis pathway converting androstenedione to estrone. HSD11B1 is involved in the glucocorticoid metabolism pathway impacting insulin signaling. Aldose reductase is linked to the polyol pathway associated with sorbitol accumulation during stress conditions.

NF-kB p65 connects to inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and certain cancers where its dysregulation leads to excessive inflammation or tumorigenesis. DNA Polymerase beta also connects to cancer where mutations or deficiencies in its function can result in genomic instability. GPCR TGR5 has implications in metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes where it influences glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity often interacting with DPP-4. ROR gamma's contributions to autoimmune disorders like ankylosing spondylitis are significant due to its regulation of immune cell differentiation. Mutations in OATP1B1 can result in altered drug responses and liver diseases due to impaired drug transport. Aromatase has roles in estrogen-dependent cancers such as breast cancer where its expression correlates with tumor growth. HSD11B1 relates to metabolic syndrome influencing obesity and insulin resistance often interacting with cortisone and cortisol. Aldose reductase is linked to diabetic complications particularly diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy due to its involvement in the conversion of glucose to sorbitol during hyperglycemia.