Mouse CTLA 4 ELISA Kit

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Activity summary

CTLA-4 also known as Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 or CD152 is a protein receptor with an approximate molecular weight of 25–37 kDa. Expressed primarily on the surface of T cells CTLA-4 acts as an immune checkpoint molecule. It competes with the costimulatory receptor CD28 for binding to CD80/CD86 ligands on antigen-presenting cells. This competitive binding results in an inhibitory signal that reduces T cell activation and proliferation.

Biological function summary

CTLA-4 modulates immune responses by serving as a critical negative regulator in T cell activation. Unlike CD28 which promotes T cell responses CTLA-4 inhibits these responses helping to maintain immune homeostasis. CTLA-4 exists in a monomeric form on the cell surface but can form a dimeric complex when interacting with ligands. By dampening the immune response CTLA-4 prevents excessive tissue damage during immune reactions.

Pathways

CTLA-4 is integral in immune signaling pathways specifically the pathway that involves T cell regulation. It functions within the context of the immune synapse influencing the balance between activation and inhibition of T cells. CTLA-4 engages with proteins like CD28 and PD-1 in these pathways each playing distinct roles in modulating immune responses.

Associated diseases and disorders

CTLA-4 has critical connections to autoimmune diseases and cancer. In autoimmune diseases CTLA-4 dysfunction may lead to improper immune regulation potentially resulting in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. In cancer CTLA-4-related proteins like PD-1 can be manipulated by tumors to escape immune detection making CTLA-4 a target for immunotherapy interventions. Understanding CTLA-4 interactions with CD28 and PD-1 has led to the development of therapies aiming to modulate immune responses in these diseases.