Alexa Fluor® 594 Anti-GLUD1 + GLUD2 antibody [EPR11370]

Supplementary info

Activity summary

GLUD1 and GLUD2 also known as glutamate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 are enzymes that convert glutamate to α-ketoglutarate linking amino acid metabolism with the tricarboxylic acid cycle. GLUD1 has a mass of approximately 56 kDa while GLUD2 has a similar mass range. GLUD1 expresses ubiquitously in most tissues including the liver and brain whereas GLUD2 predominantly expresses in the brain and testes. These enzymes play a significant role in cellular energy metabolism and neurotransmitter regulation.

Biological function summary

GLUD1 and GLUD2 enzymes act in mitochondrial processes where they catalyze oxidative deamination of glutamate. This reaction facilitates removal of excess nitrogen and supports energy balance within cells. These enzymes do not form part of larger complexes but operate independently within the mitochondrial matrix. The differential expression of GLUD1 and GLUD2 suggests specialized roles in nervous system metabolism with GLUD2 potentially adapting to higher demand for neurotransmitter turnover in the brain.

Pathways

Components including GLUD1 and GLUD2 participate in the glutamate metabolism pathway and the urea cycle intimately linking key points of nitrogen and carbon metabolism. These enzymes influence the tricarboxylic acid cycle by producing α-ketoglutarate a critical molecule. Their activity intersects with proteins such as IDH1 and IDH2 isocitrate dehydrogenases that also alter tricarboxylic acid cycle fluxes coordinating cellular responses to metabolic needs and stress conditions.

Associated diseases and disorders

GLUD1 and GLUD2 mutations can connect to hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome where dysregulated enzyme activity leads to abnormal ammonia and insulin levels. Their role in the nervous system connects them to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease where altered glutamate metabolism may contribute to disease progression. The relationship with proteins like APP (amyloid precursor protein) emphasizes the broader implications of GLUD pathways in neural tissue health and disease.