Anti-alpha 1 Fetoprotein antibody [SP154]

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Activity summary

Alpha-fetoprotein also known as alpha 1-fetoprotein or AFP is a glycoprotein composed of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of approximately 69 kDa. AFP is primarily expressed in the fetal liver yolk sac and gastrointestinal tract during embryonic development. In adults the expression of AFP is limited and occurs mainly in the liver. The protein belongs to the albuminoid gene family and shares structural similarity with serum albumin contributing to its role in fetal serum transport.

Biological function summary

Alpha-fetoprotein functions as a fetal plasma protein with roles similar to serum albumin including the binding and transport of ligands such as bilirubin and fatty acids. It does not form part of any larger protein complex but is significant in modulating fetal immune tolerance. In the fetal environment AFP helps protect cells from maternal immune attacks by binding to estrogens and other growth-modulating factors. Its function during pregnancy is critical for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring the fetus's viability.

Pathways

Alpha 1-fetoprotein plays a role in several important biological pathways related to cellular growth and immune response modulation. One such pathway involves regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing liver. AFP interacts with cellular receptors that influence these processes. Additionally it plays a part in immune pathways interacting with elements that control immune overlooking to fetal antigens hence being linked to both hepatic and immune system proteins like albumin and estrogen receptors.

Associated diseases and disorders

High levels of alpha-fetoprotein are linked to hepatocellular carcinoma and germ cell tumors such as yolk sac tumor. AFP serves as a tumor marker in these conditions aiding in both diagnosis and monitoring treatment response. In liver cancer AFP levels often correlate with tumor burden while in germ cell tumors it connects to proteins like beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG). Both markers are used together in clinical settings to provide insights into tumor progression and therapeutic efficacy.