Anti-COX 4 rabbit polyclonal antibody that is used in COX IV Western blot, IHC, ICC/IF. Suitable for Human, Mouse, Rat and other species.
- Cited in >270 publications
pH: 7.4
Preservative: 0.02% Sodium azide
Constituents: 98.98% PBS, 1% BSA
IHC-P | WB | ICC/IF | IHC-Fr | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Tested | Tested | Tested | Expected |
Mouse | Expected | Tested | Expected | Expected |
Rat | Expected | Tested | Expected | Expected |
African green monkey | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted |
Chimpanzee | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted |
Chinese hamster | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted |
Monkey | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted |
Potato | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted |
Xenopus laevis | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted |
Species | Dilution info | Notes |
---|---|---|
Species Human | Dilution info 1 µg/mL | Notes Perform heat-mediated antigen retrieval with citrate buffer pH 6 before commencing with IHC staining protocol. |
Species | Dilution info | Notes |
---|---|---|
Species Mouse, Rat | Dilution info Use at an assay dependent concentration. | Notes - |
Species | Dilution info | Notes |
---|---|---|
Species Chimpanzee, Monkey, Chinese hamster, Potato, African green monkey, Xenopus laevis | Dilution info - | Notes - |
Species | Dilution info | Notes |
---|---|---|
Species Mouse | Dilution info 0.5 µg/mL | Notes - |
Species Rat | Dilution info 0.5 µg/mL | Notes - |
Species Human | Dilution info 0.5 µg/mL | Notes - |
Species | Dilution info | Notes |
---|---|---|
Species Chimpanzee, Monkey, Chinese hamster, Potato, African green monkey, Xenopus laevis | Dilution info - | Notes - |
Species | Dilution info | Notes |
---|---|---|
Species Human | Dilution info 1 µg/mL | Notes - |
Species | Dilution info | Notes |
---|---|---|
Species Mouse, Rat | Dilution info Use at an assay dependent concentration. | Notes - |
Species | Dilution info | Notes |
---|---|---|
Species Chimpanzee, Monkey, Chinese hamster, Potato, African green monkey, Xenopus laevis | Dilution info - | Notes - |
Species | Dilution info | Notes |
---|---|---|
Species Mouse, Rat, Human | Dilution info Use at an assay dependent concentration. | Notes - |
Species | Dilution info | Notes |
---|---|---|
Species Chimpanzee, Monkey, Chinese hamster, Potato, African green monkey, Xenopus laevis | Dilution info - | Notes - |
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Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
COX4, COX4I1, Cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide IV, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV isoform 1, COX IV-1
Anti-COX 4 rabbit polyclonal antibody that is used in COX IV Western blot, IHC, ICC/IF. Suitable for Human, Mouse, Rat and other species.
- Cited in >270 publications
pH: 7.4
Preservative: 0.02% Sodium azide
Constituents: 98.98% PBS, 1% BSA
Product Specifications
Anti-COX IV antibody - Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab16056) is a rabbit polyclonal antibody and is validated for use in ICC/IF, IHC-Fr, IHC-P, WB in african green monkey, chinese hamster, human, mouse, potato, rat, xenopus laevis samples.
COX IV antibodies are often used as loading controls in Western Blot. Anti-COX IV antibody - Mitochondrial Loading Control has been verified in Western Blot samples and detects a band at 17kDa Molecular weight.
Anti-COX IV antibody - Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab16056) specifically detects COX IV (UniProt ID: P13073; Molecular weight: 17kDa) and is sold in 100 µg and 250 µg selling sizes.
Quality and Validation
Abcam's high quality validation processes ensure Anti-COX IV antibody - Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab16056) has high sensitivity and specificity.
Anti-COX IV antibody - Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab16056) has been cited over 272 times in peer reviewed journals and is trusted by the scientific community.
Anti-COX IV antibody - Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab16056) has 32 independent reviews from customers.
Target Information
COX IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase, is a critical mitochondrial enzyme involved in oxidative phosphorylation and the respiratory chain. The COX IV molecular weight is approximately 17 kDa. Dysfunction in COX IV is linked to mitochondrial disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting its disease relevance. Understanding COX IV's role in key pathways, such as electron transport and ATP synthesis, is essential for developing targeted therapies for these conditions.
This antibody makes an effective loading control for mitochondria. COX IV is generally expressed at a consistent high level. However, be aware that many proteins run at the same 16kD size as COX IV - our VDAC1 / Porin antibody makes a good alternative mitochondrial loading control for proteins of this size. Some caution is required when using this antibody as a loading control as COXIV expression can vary under some manipulations. An alternative mitochondrial loading control is Mouse monoclonal to COX IV antibody [20E8] (Anti-COX IV antibody [20E8C12] ab14744).
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Cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV commonly known as COX IV is a component of the enzyme complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. COX IV has a molecular weight of approximately 17 kDa and serves as a subunit of the larger cytochrome c oxidase complex which is essential in cellular respiration. As a mitochondrial marker COX IV is expressed in various tissues where it acts as an important player in the electron transport chain. The presence and function of COX IV are critical in facilitating the last step of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
COX IV acts as a significant part of the cytochrome c oxidase complex helping catalyze the reduction of oxygen to water. This process is an important step in the overall mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. COX IV's role in this complex enables the proton gradient generation across the inner mitochondrial membrane which is necessary for ATP synthesis. Its activity regulates the efficiency of cellular respiration impacting energy production and metabolic activities within cells.
COX IV functionally interacts within the oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain pathways. Its coordination with other proteins like COX I and COX II in the cytochrome c oxidase complex ensures proper electron transfer to oxygen. Additionally COX IV is implicated in the regulation of reactive oxygen species maintaining cellular homeostasis. These pathways interconnect with broader cellular mechanisms that involve energy metabolism and apoptosis.
COX IV has been linked to mitochondrial disorders where defects in the oxidative phosphorylation processes can lead to conditions such as mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. Abnormalities in COX IV function and expression can also contribute to neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease. Here interactions with proteins like superoxide dismutase (SOD) highlight how oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction relate closely to disease progression. These associations underline the importance of COX IV in maintaining cellular and organismal health.
We have tested this species and application combination and it works. It is covered by our product promise.
We have not tested this specific species and application combination in-house, but expect it will work. It is covered by our product promise.
This species and application combination has not been tested, but we predict it will work based on strong homology. However, this combination is not covered by our product promise.
We do not recommend this combination. It is not covered by our product promise.
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Full details and terms and conditions can be found here:
Terms & Conditions.
ab16056 staining COX IV in HeLa cells. The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (10 min), permeabilized with 0.1% PBS-Triton X-100 for 5 minutes and then blocked with 1% BSA/10% normal goat serum/0.3M glycine in 0.1%PBS-Tween for 1h. The cells were then incubated overnight at 4°C with ab16056 at 1µg/ml and Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody [DM1A] - Loading Control ab7291, Mouse monoclonal [DM1A] to alpha Tubulin - Loading Control. Cells were then incubated with Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) preadsorbed ab150081, Goat polyclonal Secondary Antibody to Rabbit IgG - H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488), pre-adsorbed at 1/1000 dilution (shown in green) and Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 594) preadsorbed ab150120, Goat polyclonal Secondary Antibody to Mouse IgG - H&L (Alexa Fluor® 594), pre-adsorbed at 1/1000 dilution (shown in pseudocolour red). Nuclear DNA was labelled with DAPI (shown in blue).Also suitable in cells fixed with 100% methanol (5 min).
Image was acquired with a high-content analyser (Operetta CLS, Perkin Elmer) and a maximum intensity projection of confocal sections is shown.
Blocking buffer: 2% BSA
Gel type: MES
Exposure Time: 1 minute
All lanes: Western blot - Anti-COX IV antibody - Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab16056) at 1 µg/mL
Lane 1: Human skeletal muscle tissue lysate at 10 µg
Lane 2: Rat skeletal muscle tissue at 10 µg
All lanes: Goat polyclonal to Rabbit IgG - H&L - Pre-Adsorbed (HRP) at 1/50000 dilution
Predicted band size: 19 kDa
Observed band size: 17 kDa
Blocking buffer: 2% BSA
Gel type: MES
Exposure Time: 1 minute
All lanes: Western blot - Anti-COX IV antibody - Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab16056) at 1 µg/mL
Lane 1: Human skeletal muscle tissue lysate at 10 µg
Lane 2: Human heart tissue lysate at 10 µg
Lane 3: Mouse skeletal muscle tissue lysate at 10 µg
All lanes: Goat polyclonal to Rabbit IgG - H&L - Pre-Adsorbed (HRP) at 1/50000 dilution
Predicted band size: 19 kDa
Observed band size: 17 kDa
All lanes: Western blot - Anti-COX IV antibody - Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab16056) at 1 µg/mL
Lane 1: Human brain tissue lysate - total protein (ab29466) at 10 µg
Lane 2: Human liver tissue lysate - total protein (ab29889) at 10 µg
Lane 3: Human heart tissue lysate - total protein (ab29431) at 10 µg
Lane 4: Human skeletal muscle tissue lysate - total protein (ab29330) at 10 µg
All lanes: Western blot - Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) preadsorbed (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) preadsorbed ab7090) at 1/3000 dilution
Performed under reducing conditions.
Predicted band size: 19 kDa
ab16056 staining COX IV in Mouse heart tissue sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P - paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections). Tissue was fixed with paraformaldehyde and blocked with 5% serum for 1 hour at 21°C; antigen retrieval was by heat mediation in a citrate buffer. Samples were incubated with primary antibody (1/600 ) for 12 hours at 4°C. A Cy5® donkey anti-rabbit secondary antibody was used as the secondary antibody.
All lanes: Western blot - Anti-COX IV antibody - Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab16056) at 0.38 µg/mL
Lane 1: Hela whole cell lysate at 20 µg
Lane 2: Human skeletal muscle cell lysate at 20 µg
Lane 3: Hela whole cell lysate at 20 µg with Human COX IV peptide (ab16381)
Lane 4: Human skeletal muscle cell lysate at 20 µg with Human COX IV peptide (ab16381)
All lanes: HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG at 1/10000 dilution
Predicted band size: 19 kDa
Observed band size: 15 kDa
IHC image of COXIV staining in human liver FFPE section, performed on a BondTM system using the standard protocol F. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH6, epitope retrieval solution 1) for 20 mins. The section was then incubated with ab16056, 1µg/ml, for 8 mins at room temperature and detected using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. The section was then counterstained with haematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
ab16056 staining COX IV in breast tumour tissue sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P - paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections). Tissue was fixed with 10% buffered formalin and blocked with 5% serum for 60 minutes at 21°C; antigen retrieval was by heat mediation in a 10mM sodium citrate buffer pH6. Samples were incubated with primary antibody (1/300 in blocking buffer) for 12 hours at 4°C. An Alexa Fluor® 647-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal (1/200) was used as the secondary antibody.
Immunohistochemistry analysis (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) of paraformaldehyde fixed human brain tissue. Stained with ab16056 at 1/150 dilution. Secondary antibody used was EnVision+ System- HRP Labelled Polymer anti rabbit. Blocking was done with 5% serum for 1 hour at 21°C. The sample was incubated with the primary antibody and 5% normal goat serum for 19 hours at 4°C. Antigen retrieval method was heat mediated Citrate pH 6.0
All lanes: Western blot - Anti-COX IV antibody - Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab16056) at 1/3000 dilution
All lanes: mouse heart whole cell lysate at 20 µg
All lanes: Goat Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody at 1/1000 dilution
Developed using the ECL technique.
Exposure time: 30s
Immunohistochemistry analysis (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) of paraformaldehyde fixed mouse heart tissue. Stained with ab16056 at 1/500 dilution.
Secondary antibody used was EnVision+ System- HRP Labelled Polymer anti rabbit. Blocking was done with 5% serum for 1 hour at 21°C. The sample was incubated with the primary antibody and 5% normal goat serum for 19 hours at 4°C. Antigen retrieval method was heat mediated Citrate pH 6.0
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