Anti-Endothelium, macrophages and red blood cells antibody [OX-43] - BSA and Azide free

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Activity summary

The endothelium macrophages and red blood cells form an essential network within the circulatory system. The endothelium lines the interior surface of blood vessels playing an important role in vascular biology. Macrophages present in the blood as well as tissues act in innate immunity by engulfing pathogens and debris. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and return carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs. The macrophages in blood known as blood macrophages are distinguished by markers such as CD14 and CD68 and can be analyzed using flow cytometry techniques. Understanding these cells is fundamental in immunology and hematological studies.

Biological function summary

The endothelium forms a selective barrier that regulates the exchange of substances between the bloodstream and surrounding tissues. Macrophages on the other hand are versatile cells involved in inflammation tissue repair and immune responses. They secrete cytokines and chemokines that recruit other immune cells to the site of infection or injury. Endothelium and macrophages interact dynamically influencing vascular tone and response to inflammation. The red blood cells lacking a nucleus optimize oxygen transport due to their biconcave shape and high hemoglobin content around 270 million molecules per cell.

Pathways

Endothelium and macrophages participate actively in the inflammatory response and coagulation pathways. The nitric oxide pathway for example involves endothelium-derived nitric oxide which relaxes vascular smooth muscle and regulates blood pressure. Macrophages generate inflammatory mediators like TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 components of the cytokine signaling pathway that modulate immune responses. Both cell types relate to proteins such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells facilitating leukocyte transmigration during immune surveillance and inflammation.

Associated diseases and disorders

Endothelium dysfunction and macrophage activation relate closely to atherosclerosis and systemic inflammatory disorders. Atherosclerosis involves lipid accumulation in arterial walls where endothelial cells and macrophages contribute to plaque formation. Red blood cells can aggravate this process if they hemolyze within plaques. Disorders like rheumatoid arthritis feature aberrant activation of both endothelium and macrophages leading to chronic inflammation. Proteins such as VCAM-1 and E-selectin expressed on endothelial cells are associated with these vascular and systemic inflammatory diseases highlighting their role in cell adhesion and recruitment of immune cells.