FITC Anti-TLR9 antibody [5G5]

Supplementary info

Activity summary

TLR9 also known as Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that detects unmethylated CpG motifs which are common in bacterial and viral DNA. This protein weighs about 116 kDa. It mainly expresses in plasmacytoid dendritic cells B cells and in epithelial cells of various tissues. TLR9 locates in the endoplasmic reticulum and translocates to endolysosomes upon activation which is essential for its detection function.

Biological function summary

TLR9 recognizes and binds to microbial DNA triggering an immune response. It is part of the Toll-like receptor family which plays an important role in the innate immune system. TLR9 engages in the formation of complexes with other molecules such as MyD88 an adaptor protein to propagate downstream signaling. This leads to the activation of transcription factors that stimulate cytokine production promoting inflammation and defense against infections.

Pathways

TLR9 participates significantly in the NF-kB activation pathway and the type I interferon signaling cascade. During these processes TLR9 interacts with proteins like IRAK4 and TRAF6. In the NF-kB pathway TLR9's role in the early immune response is coordinated with other Toll-like receptors to detect pathogen-related patterns and initiate adaptive immunity. Its influence on type I interferon signaling facilitates antiviral defense mechanisms.

Associated diseases and disorders

TLR9's malfunction or altered expression associates with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cancer. In SLE overactivation of TLR9 leads to autoantibody production which worsens the disease. This can involve the protein BAFF which supports B cell proliferation. In cancer TLR9 can influence tumor growth and the tumor microenvironment affecting disease progression. Its modulation is being researched for therapeutic interventions in these conditions.