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Rabbit Recombinant Monoclonal GIP antibody. Carrier free. Suitable for mIHC, IHC-P, IHC-Fr and reacts with Human, Mouse, Rat samples.

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Images

Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (AB271989), expandable thumbnail
  • Immunohistochemistry (Frozen sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (AB271989), expandable thumbnail
  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (AB271989), expandable thumbnail
  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (AB271989), expandable thumbnail
  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (AB271989), expandable thumbnail

Key facts

Isotype

IgG

Host species

Rabbit

Storage buffer

pH: 7.2 - 7.4
Constituents: PBS

Form

Liquid

Clonality

Monoclonal

Immunogen

  • The exact immunogen used to generate this antibody is proprietary information.

Reactivity data

Select an application
Product promiseTestedExpectedPredictedNot recommended
mIHCIHC-PIHC-Fr
Human
Tested
Tested
Expected
Mouse
Tested
Tested
Tested
Rat
Not recommended
Tested
Expected

Tested
Tested

Species

Human

Dilution info

1/4000

Notes

-

Species

Mouse

Dilution info

1/4000

Notes

-

Not recommended
Not recommended

Species

Rat

Dilution info

-

Notes

-

Tested
Tested

Species

Mouse, Human, Rat

Dilution info

-

Notes

-

Tested
Tested

Species

Mouse

Dilution info

-

Notes

Antigen retrieval: Heated citrate solution (10mM citrate pH 6.0 + 0.05% Tween-20).

Expected
Expected

Species

Human, Rat

Dilution info

Use at an assay dependent concentration.

Notes

-

Associated Products

Select an associated product type

4 products for Alternative Product

Target data

Function

Potent stimulator of insulin secretion and relatively poor inhibitor of gastric acid secretion.

Alternative names

Recommended products

Rabbit Recombinant Monoclonal GIP antibody. Carrier free. Suitable for mIHC, IHC-P, IHC-Fr and reacts with Human, Mouse, Rat samples.

Key facts

Isotype

IgG

Form

Liquid

Clonality

Monoclonal

Immunogen
  • The exact immunogen used to generate this antibody is proprietary information.
Carrier free

Yes

Clone number

EPR20410

Purification technique

Affinity purification Protein A

Concentration
Loading...

Storage

Shipped at conditions

Blue Ice

Appropriate short-term storage conditions

+4°C

Appropriate long-term storage conditions

+4°C

Storage information

Do Not Freeze

Notes

ab271989 is the carrier-free version of Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792.

Our RabMAb® technology is a patented hybridoma-based technology for making rabbit monoclonal antibodies. For details on our patents, please refer to RabMAb® patents.

This product is a recombinant monoclonal antibody, which offers several advantages including:

  • - High batch-to-batch consistency and reproducibility
  • - Improved sensitivity and specificity
  • - Long-term security of supply
  • - Animal-free batch production

For more information, read more on recombinant antibodies.

Our carrier-free antibodies are typically supplied in a PBS-only formulation, purified and free of BSA, sodium azide and glycerol. The carrier-free buffer and high concentration allow for increased conjugation efficiency.

This conjugation-ready format is designed for use with fluorochromes, metal isotopes, oligonucleotides, and enzymes, which makes them ideal for antibody labelling, functional and cell-based assays, flow-based assays (e.g. mass cytometry) and Multiplex Imaging applications.

Use our conjugation kits for antibody conjugates that are ready-to-use in as little as 20 minutes with 1 minute hands-on-time and 100% antibody recovery: available for fluorescent dyes, HRP, biotin and gold.

This product is compatible with the Maxpar® Antibody Labeling Kit from Fluidigm, without the need for antibody preparation. Maxpar® is a trademark of Fluidigm Canada Inc.

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Activity summary

The Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) also known as gastric inhibitory polypeptide is a hormone with a molecular mass around 5 kDa. It is a 42-amino acid peptide secreted by the K cells in the duodenum and jejunum of the small intestine. This protein interacts with the GIP receptor which is found in various tissues including pancreatic beta cells adipose tissue and the central nervous system. Researchers utilize GIP ELISA for detecting and quantifying this peptide in research studies.

Biological function summary

The GIP plays a significant role in stimulating insulin secretion in response to glucose intake which does not function alone. It works as part of the enteroinsular axis influencing nutrient uptake and metabolism. GIP also regulates fat metabolism by acting on adipocytes therefore playing a part in energy homeostasis. The exploration of GIP activity often involves MSD assay development to better understand its biological implications.

Pathways

The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion pathway incorporates GIP to enhance the release of insulin from the pancreas. It interacts with other proteins such as insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) to exert its glucose-lowering effects. GIP's involvement in the incretin pathway supports the body's maintenance of energy balance and glucose homeostasis under normal physiological conditions.

Associated diseases and disorders

Glucose homeostasis dysfunction links GIP to type 2 diabetes and obesity. Impairments in GIP secretion or receptor signaling are associated with these metabolic disorders. Studies suggest that dysregulation of GIP along with related proteins like insulin can contribute to disease progression. By targeting GIP researchers at places like Abcam are looking for potential therapies to tackle these health challenges.

Product promise

We are dedicated to supporting your work with high quality reagents and we are here for you every step of the way should you need us.

In the unlikely event of one of our products not working as expected, you are covered by our product promise.

Full details and terms and conditions can be found here:
Terms & Conditions.

13 product images

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human pancreas tissue labeling GIP with Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792 at 1/2000 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Ready to use.

    Cytoplasmic staining on alpha cells of human pancreas islet is observed (PMID: 4574902).

    Counter stained with Hematoxylin.

    Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Ready to use.

    Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

    This data was developed using the same antibody clone in a different buffer formulation containing PBS, BSA, glycerol, and sodium azide (Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792).

  • Immunohistochemistry (Frozen sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Frozen sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, 0.2% Triton X-100 permeabilized frozen mouse pancreas tissue labeling GIP with Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792 at 1/100 dilution, followed by Goat anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor® 488) (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) ab150077) secondary antibody at 1/1000 dilution (green).

    Cytoplasmic staining on alpha cells of mouse pancreas islet is observed.

    The nuclear counterstain is DAPI (blue).

    Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is Goat anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor® 488) (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) ab150077) at 1/1000 dilution.

    This data was developed using the same antibody clone in a different buffer formulation containing PBS, BSA, glycerol, and sodium azide (Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792).

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human duodenum tissue labeling GIP with Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792 at 1/2000 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Ready to use.

    Sporadic and cytoplasmic staining on human duodenum is observed (PMID: 4574902).

    Counter stained with Hematoxylin.

    Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Ready to use.

    Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

    This data was developed using the same antibody clone in a different buffer formulation containing PBS, BSA, glycerol, and sodium azide (Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792).

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse pancreas tissue labeling GIP with Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792 at 1/2000 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Ready to use.

    Cytoplasmic staining on alpha cells of mouse pancreas islet is observed (PMID: 4574902).

    Counter stained with Hematoxylin.

    Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Ready to use.

    Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

    This data was developed using the same antibody clone in a different buffer formulation containing PBS, BSA, glycerol, and sodium azide (Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792).

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse small intestine tissue labeling GIP with Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792 at 1/2000 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Ready to use.

    Sporadic and cytoplasmic staining on mouse small intestine is observed (PMID: 4574902).

    Counter stained with Hematoxylin.

    Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Ready to use.

    Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

    This data was developed using the same antibody clone in a different buffer formulation containing PBS, BSA, glycerol, and sodium azide (Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792).

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat pancreas tissue labeling GIP with Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792 at 1/2000 dilution, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Ready to use.

    Cytoplasmic staining on alpha cells of rat pancreas islet is observed (PMID: 4574902).

    Counter stained with Hematoxylin.

    Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Ready to use.

    Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

    This data was developed using the same antibody clone in a different buffer formulation containing PBS, BSA, glycerol, and sodium azide (Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] ab209792).

  • Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) analysis of Human pancreas labelling Somatostatin 28 with Anti-Somatostatin 28 antibody [RM1087] ab315106 at 1/7500 dilution (0.069 μg/ml) (B), GIP with ab271989 at 1/4000 dilution (0.27 μg/ml) (C) and Carboxypeptidase A with Anti-Carboxypeptidase A antibody [EPR24384-69] ab278044 at 1/4000 dilution (0.135 μg/ml) (D). Opal Polymer HRP Ms + Rb was used as a secondary antibody, and DAPI was used for a nuclear counter stain.

    Panel A: merged staining of anti-Carboxypeptidase A (gray; Opal™690), anti-GIP (green; Opal™520) and anti-Somatostatin 28 (red; Opal™570) on human pancreas.

    Panel B: anti-Somatostatin 28 stained on delta cells.

    Panel C: anti-GIP stained on alpha cells.

    Panel D: anti-Carboxypeptidase A stained on acinar cells.

    The section was incubated in three rounds of staining: in the order of Anti-Carboxypeptidase A antibody [EPR24384-69] ab278044, ab271989, and Anti-Somatostatin 28 antibody [RM1087] ab315106 for 30 mins at room temperature. Each round was followed by a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system.

    The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument with an Opal™ 4-color kit. Image acquisition was performed with Leica SP8 confocal microscope.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins.

  • Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical analysis of the human pancreas (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections).

    Panel A: merged staining of anti-Carboxypeptidase A (Anti-Carboxypeptidase A antibody [EPR24384-69] ab278044, gray; Opal™690), anti-GIP (ab271989, green; Opal™520) and anti-Somatostatin 28 (Anti-Somatostatin 28 antibody [EPR3359(2)] ab111912, red; Opal™570) on human pancreas. Panel B: anti-Carboxypeptidase A stained on acinar cells. Panel C: anti-GIP stained on alpha cells. Panel D: anti-Somatostatin 28 stained on delta cells. Opal Polymer HRP Ms + Rb was used as a secondary antibody.

    The section was incubated in three rounds of staining: in the order of Anti-Carboxypeptidase A antibody [EPR24384-69] ab278044 at 1/4000 dilution (0.135 μg/ml), ab271989 at 1/4000 dilution (0.27 μg/ml) and Anti-Somatostatin 28 antibody [EPR3359(2)] ab111912 at 1/9000 dilution (0.068 μg/ml) for 30 mins at room temperature. Each round was followed by a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system.

    The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument with an Opal™ 4-color kit. Image acquisition was performed with Leica SP8 confocal microscope.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins. DAPI (blue) was used as a nuclear counter stain.

  • Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical analysis of the rat pancreas (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections).

    Panel A: merged staining of anti-SV2A (yellow; Opal™520), anti-GIP (magenta; Opal™570) and anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide (green; Opal™690) on rat pancreas.

    Panel B: anti-SV2A staining predominantly the beta cells in mouse pancreas islet.

    Panel C: anti-GIP staining the alpha cells in rat pancreas islet.

    Panel D: anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide staining the PP cells in rat pancreas islet.

    Nuclear DNA was labelled with DAPI (shown in blue). The section was incubated in three rounds of staining: in the order of Anti-SV2A antibody [EPR23500-32] ab254351 at 1/1000 dilution (0.48 μg/ml), ab271989 at 1/4000 dilution (0.25 μg/ml) and Anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide antibody [EPR22853-61] ab255827 at 1/10000 dilution (0.05 μg/ml) for 30 mins at room temperature. Each round was followed by a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system.

    The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument with an Opal™ 4-color kit. Image acquisition was performed with Leica SP8 confocal microscope.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins.

  • Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical analysis of the mouse pancreas (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections).

    Panel A: merged staining of anti-SV2A (yellow; Opal™520), anti-GIP (magenta; Opal™570) and anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide (green; Opal™690) on mouse pancreas.

    Panel B: anti-SV2A staining predominantly the beta cells in mouse pancreas islet.

    Panel C: anti-GIP staining the alpha cells in mouse pancreas islet.

    Panel D: anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide staining the PP cells in mouse pancreas islet.

    Nuclear DNA was labelled with DAPI (shown in blue). The section was incubated in three rounds of staining: in the order of Anti-SV2A antibody [EPR23500-32] ab254351 at 1/1000 dilution (0.48 μg/ml), ab271989 at 1/4000 dilution (0.25 μg/ml) and Anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide antibody [EPR22853-61] ab255827 at 1/10000 dilution (0.05 μg/ml) for 30 mins at room temperature. Each round was followed by a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system.

    The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument with an Opal™ 4-color kit. Image acquisition was performed with Leica SP8 confocal microscope.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins.

  • Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical analysis of the mouse pancreas (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections).

    Panel A: merged staining of anti-Somatostatin 28 (yellow; Opal™520), anti-GIP (magenta; Opal™570) and anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide (green; Opal™690) on mouse pancreas.

    Panel B: anti-Somatostatin 28 staining the delta cells in mouse pancreas islet.

    Panel C: anti-GIP staining the alpha cells in mouse pancreas islet.

    Panel D: anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide staining the PP cells in mouse pancreas islet.

    Nuclear DNA was labelled with DAPI (shown in blue). The section was incubated in three rounds of staining: in the order of Anti-Somatostatin 28 antibody [EPR3359(2)] ab111912 at 1/9000 dilution (0.07 μg/ml), ab271989 at 1/4000 dilution (0.25 μg/ml) and Anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide antibody [EPR22853-61] ab255827 at 1/10000 dilution (0.05 μg/ml) for 30 mins at room temperature. Each round was followed by a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system. The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument with an Opal™ 4-color kit. Image acquisition was performed with Leica SP8 confocal microscope.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins.

  • Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical analysis of the rat pancreas (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections).

    Panel A: merged staining of anti-Somatostatin 28 (yellow; Opal™520), anti-GIP (magenta; Opal™570) and anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide (green; Opal™690) on rat pancreas.

    Panel B: anti-Somatostatin 28 staining the delta cells in rat pancreas islet.

    Panel C: anti-GIP staining the alpha cells in rat pancreas islet.

    Panel D: anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide staining the PP cells in rat pancreas islet.

    Nuclear DNA was labelled with DAPI (shown in blue). The section was incubated in three rounds of staining: in the order of Anti-Somatostatin 28 antibody [EPR3359(2)] ab111912 at 1/9000 dilution (0.07 μg/ml), ab271989 at 1/4000 dilution (0.25 μg/ml) and Anti-Pancreatic Polypeptide antibody [EPR22853-61] ab255827 at 1/10000 dilution (0.05 μg/ml) for 30 mins at room temperature. Each round was followed by a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system.

    The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument with an Opal™ 4-color kit. Image acquisition was performed with Leica SP8 confocal microscope.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, epitope retrieval solution2) for 20 mins.

  • Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989), expandable thumbnail

    Multiplex immunohistochemistry - Anti-GIP antibody [EPR20410] - BSA and Azide free (ab271989)

    Multiplex immunohistochemistry analysis of formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded human pancreas tissue staining Arx with Anti-Arx antibody [EPR27481-32] ab308260 at a 1/50 dilution ( 10.35 μg/ml) and ab271989 anti-GIP used at a 1/4000 dilution (0.27 μg/ml).

    Panel A: merged staining of anti-GIP (green; Opal™520) and anti-Homeobox protein ARX (red; Opal™570) on human pancreas.
    Panel B: anti-Homeobox protein ARX stained on alpha cells.
    Panel C: anti-GIP stained on alpha cells.

    The section was incubated in two rounds of staining: in the order of Anti-Arx antibody [EPR27481-32] ab308260 and ab271989 for 30 mins at room temperature.

    Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, Epitope Retrieval Solution2) for 20 mins. Each round was followed by a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system.

    The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument with an Opal™ 4-color kit. Image acquisition was performed with Leica SP8 confocal microscope.

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