Anti-HHLA2 antibody [EPR23563-120]

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Activity summary

The HHLA2 protein also known as Human endogenous retrovirus-H Long Terminal Repeat-Associating 2 plays a role in the immune response. This protein is part of the B7 family which are known for their involvement in immunomodulation. It has a molecular weight of approximately 30 kDa. HHLA2 is expressed in various tissues including the placenta kidneys intestines and lungs. Additionally HHLA2 is typically upregulated in some cancer tissues which suggests a potential role in tumor immunity.

Biological function summary

HHLA2 acts as a co-inhibitory molecule that modulates T cell activity functioning to suppress T cell proliferation and cytokine production. It engages in the immune checkpoint pathways which are critical for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing over-activation of the immune system. HHLA2 does not act alone but rather interacts with other B7 family proteins in these pathways. It influences CTLA-4 and PD-1 mediated pathways by modulating the immune checkpoints adjusting the immune response based on physiological needs.

Pathways

HHLA2 fits into the immune checkpoint regulation pathways. It is known to modulate the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway which is essential for T cell immune evasion in cancer cells. Through its interactions HHLA2 can impact the tumor microenvironment by influencing immune cell infiltration and activation which is a significant aspect of cancer progression and immune evasion strategies. It is also related to CTLA-4 regulatory pathways which play an important role in maintaining immune homeostasis by negatively regulating T cell activation.

Associated diseases and disorders

HHLA2 associates with cancer particularly certain solid tumors where its expression is increased suggesting its role in immune evasion. This association points to its potential as a therapeutic target for immunotherapy. HHLA2 is connected to proteins like PD-L1 and CTLA-4 which are already known targets in cancer therapy because of their roles in bypassing immune detection by tumors. Additionally its expression is linked to autoimmune diseases where dysregulation of immune checkpoints results in excessive immune cell activity against self-tissues.