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Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] is a mouse monoclonal antibody that is used to detect Hsp70 in Flow cytometry, ICC/IF, IHC-P, IP, Western blot. Suitable for African green monkey, Dog, Human, Mouse, Rat samples.

- Reacts with the ATP binding region of HSP 70 within the amino terminus
- Cited in over 200 publications
- Trusted since 2003


Images

Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (AB2787), expandable thumbnail
  • Flow Cytometry - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (AB2787), expandable thumbnail
  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (AB2787), expandable thumbnail
  • Immunoprecipitation - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (AB2787), expandable thumbnail
  • Western blot - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (AB2787), expandable thumbnail

Publications

Key facts

Isotype
IgG1
Host species
Mouse
Storage buffer

Preservative: 0.05% Sodium azide
Constituents: BSA, PBS

Form
Liquid
Clonality
Monoclonal

Immunogen

  • Recombinant Fragment Protein within Human HSPA1A aa 100-300. The exact immunogen used to generate this antibody is proprietary information. Database link P0DMV8

Reactivity data

Select an application
Product promiseTestedExpectedPredictedNot recommended
IHC-PIPFlow CytWBICC/IF
Human
Tested
Tested
Tested
Tested
Tested
Mouse
Expected
Expected
Expected
Expected
Tested
Rat
Expected
Expected
Expected
Expected
Tested
African green monkey
Expected
Expected
Expected
Tested
Expected
Dog
Expected
Expected
Expected
Tested
Expected

Tested
Tested

Species
Human
Dilution info
1/100
Notes

Perform heat-mediated antigen retrieval before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

Expected
Expected

Species
African green monkey, Dog, Mouse, Rat
Dilution info
Use at an assay dependent concentration.
Notes

-

Tested
Tested

Species
Human
Dilution info
1.00000-10.00000 µg/mg of lysate
Notes

See Balashova et al.

Expected
Expected

Species
African green monkey, Dog, Mouse, Rat
Dilution info
Use at an assay dependent concentration.
Notes

-

Tested
Tested

Species
Human
Dilution info
1/100
Notes

ab170190 - Mouse monoclonal IgG1, is suitable for use as an isotype control with this antibody.

Expected
Expected

Species
African green monkey, Dog, Mouse, Rat
Dilution info
Use at an assay dependent concentration.
Notes

-

Tested
Tested

Species
African green monkey
Dilution info
1/1000
Notes

Detects proteins from ~70 kDa to ~78 kDa representing different members of the HSP 70 family. 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis is required to resolve the heat induced form of these proteins from their constitutively expressed counterparts.

Species
Human
Dilution info
1/1000
Notes

Detects proteins from ~70 kDa to ~78 kDa representing different members of the HSP 70 family. 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis is required to resolve the heat induced form of these proteins from their constitutively expressed counterparts.

Species
Dog
Dilution info
1/1000
Notes

Detects proteins from ~70 kDa to ~78 kDa representing different members of the HSP 70 family. 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis is required to resolve the heat induced form of these proteins from their constitutively expressed counterparts.

Expected
Expected

Species
Mouse, Rat
Dilution info
Use at an assay dependent concentration.
Notes

-

Tested
Tested

Species
Mouse
Dilution info
1/50.00000 - 1/100.00000
Notes

-

Species
Rat
Dilution info
1/50.00000 - 1/100.00000
Notes

-

Species
Human
Dilution info
1/50.00000 - 1/100.00000
Notes

-

Expected
Expected

Species
African green monkey, Dog
Dilution info
Use at an assay dependent concentration.
Notes

-

Associated Products

Select an associated product type

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Target data

Function

Molecular chaperone implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfolded proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Plays a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring the correct folding of proteins, the re-folding of misfolded proteins and controlling the targeting of proteins for subsequent degradation. This is achieved through cycles of ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis and ADP release, mediated by co-chaperones. The co-chaperones have been shown to not only regulate different steps of the ATPase cycle, but they also have an individual specificity such that one co-chaperone may promote folding of a substrate while another may promote degradation. The affinity for polypeptides is regulated by its nucleotide bound state. In the ATP-bound form, it has a low affinity for substrate proteins. However, upon hydrolysis of the ATP to ADP, it undergoes a conformational change that increases its affinity for substrate proteins. It goes through repeated cycles of ATP hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange, which permits cycles of substrate binding and release. The co-chaperones are of three types: J-domain co-chaperones such as HSP40s (stimulate ATPase hydrolysis by HSP70), the nucleotide exchange factors (NEF) such as BAG1/2/3 (facilitate conversion of HSP70 from the ADP-bound to the ATP-bound state thereby promoting substrate release), and the TPR domain chaperones such as HOPX and STUB1 (PubMed:24012426, PubMed:24318877, PubMed:26865365). Maintains protein homeostasis during cellular stress through two opposing mechanisms: protein refolding and degradation. Its acetylation/deacetylation state determines whether it functions in protein refolding or protein degradation by controlling the competitive binding of co-chaperones HOPX and STUB1. During the early stress response, the acetylated form binds to HOPX which assists in chaperone-mediated protein refolding, thereafter, it is deacetylated and binds to ubiquitin ligase STUB1 that promotes ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation (PubMed:27708256). Regulates centrosome integrity during mitosis, and is required for the maintenance of a functional mitotic centrosome that supports the assembly of a bipolar mitotic spindle (PubMed:27137183). Enhances STUB1-mediated SMAD3 ubiquitination and degradation and facilitates STUB1-mediated inhibition of TGF-beta signaling (PubMed:24613385). Essential for STUB1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of FOXP3 in regulatory T-cells (Treg) during inflammation (PubMed:23973223). Required as a co-chaperone for optimal STUB1/CHIP ubiquitination of NFATC3 (By similarity). Negatively regulates heat shock-induced HSF1 transcriptional activity during the attenuation and recovery phase period of the heat shock response (PubMed:9499401). Involved in the clearance of misfolded PRDM1/Blimp-1 proteins. Sequesters them in the cytoplasm and promotes their association with SYNV1/HRD1, leading to proteasomal degradation (PubMed:28842558). (Microbial infection) In case of rotavirus A infection, serves as a post-attachment receptor for the virus to facilitate entry into the cell.

Alternative names

Recommended products

Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] is a mouse monoclonal antibody that is used to detect Hsp70 in Flow cytometry, ICC/IF, IHC-P, IP, Western blot. Suitable for African green monkey, Dog, Human, Mouse, Rat samples.

- Reacts with the ATP binding region of HSP 70 within the amino terminus
- Cited in over 200 publications
- Trusted since 2003

Key facts

Isotype
IgG1
Form
Liquid
Clonality
Monoclonal
Immunogen
  • Recombinant Fragment Protein within Human HSPA1A aa 100-300. The exact immunogen used to generate this antibody is proprietary information. Database link P0DMV8
Clone number
5A5
Purification technique
Affinity purification Protein A
Epitope
Epitope mapping with a panel of HSP 70 deletion mutants suggests that the epitope recognized is located between amino acids 122-264 of human HSP 70, a region that has been shown to be involved in ATP binding. This is the first monoclonal antibody reported to react with: 1) The ATP binding region of HSP 70. 2) An epitope in the amino terminus of HSP 70.
Concentration
Loading...

Storage

Shipped at conditions
Blue Ice
Appropriate short-term storage duration
1-2 weeks
Appropriate short-term storage conditions
+4°C
Appropriate long-term storage conditions
-20°C
Aliquoting information
Upon delivery aliquot
Storage information
Avoid freeze / thaw cycle

Notes

Product Specifications

Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787) is a mouse monoclonal antibody and is validated for use in Flow Cyt, ICC/IF, IHC-P, IP, WB in african green monkey, dog, human, mouse, rat samples.
Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787) specifically detects Hsp70 (UniProt ID: P0DMV9; Molecular weight: 70kDa) and is sold in 250 µL selling sizes.

Quality and Validation

Abcam's high quality validation processes ensure Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787) has high sensitivity and specificity.
Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787) has been cited over 204 times in peer reviewed journals and is trusted by the scientific community.
Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787) has 18 independent reviews from customers.

Related Products

Antibody clone 5A5 is also available pre-conjugated to a variety of labels for your convenience - HRP (HRP Anti-UQCRFS1/RISP antibody [5A5] ab198392).

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.
Activity summary

Hsp70 also known as Heat Shock Protein 70 or HSPA1B is a molecular chaperone with a mass of approximately 70 kDa. It plays a mechanical role by assisting in the proper folding of nascent polypeptide chains and the refolding of misfolded proteins. Researchers often detect Hsp70 using Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. Hsp70 is widely expressed in many tissues particularly during stress conditions like heat shock where its expression level increases significantly.

Biological function summary

Hsp70 operates by stabilizing intermediate states of folding proteins preventing aggregation and facilitating the correct folding process. It often forms a complex with co-chaperones such as Hsp40 and nucleotide exchange factors. This complex is essential for the protein's activity and function. Additionally Hsp70 participates in protein degradation pathways by guiding misfolded proteins to the proteasome for degradation maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Pathways

This molecular chaperone plays significant roles in the heat shock response and unfolded protein response pathways. Hsp70 interacts closely with proteins such as Hsp90 and co-chaperones which together help protect cells from stress-induced damage. The protein also participates in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway influencing cell proliferation and apoptosis. These interactions suggest an integral role in maintaining cellular integrity during stress conditions.

Associated diseases and disorders

Overexpression of Hsp70 has been associated with various cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. In cancer Hsp70 helps tumor cells survive the hostile tumor microenvironment partly by interacting with anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2. In neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease Hsp70 associates with amyloid-beta peptides potentially mitigating their aggregation toxicity. These interactions highlight Hsp70's importance in both protective and pathological cellular processes.

Product promise

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14 product images

  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Immunofluorescent analysis of U-251 MG (Human brain glioma cell line) cells labeling Hsp70 (green) with ab2787. F-Actin staining with Phalloidin (red) and nuclei with DAPI (blue) is shown. Cells were grown on chamber slides and fixed with formaldehyde prior to staining. Cells were probed without (control) or with or an antibody recognizing Heat Shock Protein 70 ab2787 at a dilution of 1/100-1/200 over night at 4oC washed with PBS and incubated with a DyLight-488 conjugated secondary antibody. Images were taken at 60X magnification.

  • Flow Cytometry - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Flow Cytometry - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Overlay histogram showing Jurkat cells stained with ab2787 (red line). The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (10 min) and then permeabilized with 0.1% PBS-Tween for 20 min. The cells were then incubated in 1x PBS / 10% normal goat serum / 0.3M glycine to block non-specific protein-protein interactions followed by the antibody (ab2787, 1:100 dilution) for 30 min at 22°C. The secondary antibody used was DyLight® 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (DyLight® 488) preadsorbed ab96879) at 1:500 dilution for 30 min at 22°C. Isotype control antibody (black line) was mouse IgG1 [ICIGG1] (Mouse IgG1, Kappa Monoclonal [B11/6] - Isotype Control ab91353, 2μg/1x106 cells) used under the same conditions. Acquisition of >5,000 events was performed. This antibody gave a positive signal in Jurkat cells fixed with 80% methanol (5min)/permeabilized with 0.1% PBS-Tween for 20 min used under the same conditions.

  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail
    Image from Park R et al, J Biol Chem. 2011 Mar 18;286(11):9748-62. Epub 2011 Jan 13, Fig 4. DOI 10.1074/jbc.M110.198325

    Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    ab2787 staining Hsp70 in 2089 cells by Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence. Cells were fixed in methanol for 30 minutes at -20°C, washed with PBS, and incubated in blocking solution (10% human serum in PBS) for 1 hour at room temperature. Cells were stained with ab2787 diluted in blocking solution for 1 hour at room temperature in humidified chambers. Cells were washed with PBS and then incubated with secondary antibody diluted 1/200 in blocking solution for 1 hour at room temperature in opaque humidified chambers.

  • Immunoprecipitation - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Immunoprecipitation - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Immunoprecipitation of Hsp70 was performed on HeLa (Human epithelial cell line from cervix adenocarcinoma) whole cell lysate. Antigen:antibody complexes were formed by incubating 500μg whole cell lysate with 2μg of ab2787 overnight on a rocking platform at 4°C. The immune complexes were captured on 50μl Protein A/G Agarose, washed extensively, and eluted with buffer. Samples were then resolved on a 4-20% Tris-HCl polyacrylamide gel, transferred to a PVDF membrane, and blocked with 5% BSA/TBST for at least 1 hour. The membrane was incubated with ab2787 (1:1000) overnight rotating at 4°C, washed in TBST, and probed with IP detection reagent-HRP at a dilution of 1:1000 for at least one hour. Chemiluminescent detection was performed.

    All lanes: Immunoprecipitation - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Predicted band size: 70 kDa

  • Western blot - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Western blot - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    All lanes: Western blot - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787) at 1/500 dilution

    Lane 1: HEK-293 (Human epithelial cell line from embryonic kidney) whole cell lysate at 30 µg

    Lane 2: A549 (Human lung carcinoma cell line) whole cell lysate at 30 µg

    Lane 3: IMR32 (Human brain neuroblast cell line) whole cell lysate at 30 µg

    Lanes 4 - 5: Jurkat (Human T cell leukemia cell line from peripheral blood) whole cell lysate at 30 µg

    Lane 6: MDCK (Canine kidney cell line) whole cell lysate at 30 µg

    Lane 7: NIH/3T3 (Mouse embryo fibroblast cell line) whole cell lysate at 30 µg

    Lane 8: PC-12 (Rat adrenal gland pheochromocytoma cell line) whole cell lysate at 30 µg

    Lane 9: COS-7 (African green monkey kidney fibroblast-like cell line) whole cell lysate at 30 µg

    Lane 10: Mouse ovary tissue lysate at 30 µg

    Secondary

    All lanes: Goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) HRP at 1/4000 dilution

    Developed using the ECL technique.

    Predicted band size: 70 kDa

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Immunohistochemistry was performed on normal biopsies of deparaffinized Human tonsil tissue. To expose target proteins heat induced antigen retrieval was performed using 10mM sodium citrate (pH6.0) buffer microwaved for 8-15 minutes. Following antigen retrieval tissues were blocked in 3% BSA-PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. Tissues were then probed at a dilution of 1/200 with a mouse monoclonal antibody recognizing Heat Shock Protein 70 (ab2787) or without primary antibody (negative control) overnight at 4°C in a humidified chamber. Tissues were washed extensively with PBST and endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched with a peroxidase suppressor. Detection was performed using a biotin-conjugated secondary antibody and SA-HRP followed by colorimetric detection using DAB. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and prepped for mounting.

  • Western blot - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail
    This image is courtesy of an anonymous customer review

    Western blot - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Western blot analysis of U2OS cell lysate (30μg/lane) labelling Hsp70 with ab2787 at 1/1000 in 5% milk in TBST for 13 hours at 4°C. A IRDye® 800-conjugated Goat anti-Mouse polyclonal (1/10000) was used as the secondary antibody.

    All lanes: Western blot - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Predicted band size: 70 kDa

  • Western blot - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Western blot - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Western blot analysis of Hsp70 was performed by 15μl of prestained protein ladder onto a 4-20% Tris-HCl polyacrylamide gel. Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% BSA/TBST for at least 1 hour. The membrane was incubated overnight at 4°C on a rocking platform, washed in TBS-0.1%Tween 20, and incubated with secondary antibody for at least 1 hour. Chemiluminescent detection was performed.

    All lanes: Western blot - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787) at 1/1000 dilution

    Lane 1: HEK-293T (Human epithelial cell line from embryonic kidney transformed with large T antigen) whole cell lysate at 50 µg

    Lane 2: HeLa (Human epithelial cell line from cervix adenocarcinoma) whole cell lysate at 50 µg

    Lane 3: K562 (Human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line from bone marrow ) whole cell lysate at 50 µg

    Lane 4: A431 (Human epidermoid carcinoma cell line) whole cell lysate at 50 µg

    Lane 5: U-2 OS (Human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cell line) whole cell lysate at 50 µg

    Secondary

    All lanes: Goat anti-mouse IgG HRP secondary antibody at 1/20000 dilution

    Predicted band size: 70 kDa

  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Immunofluorescent analysis of HeLa (Human epithelial cell line from cervix adenocarcinoma) cells labeling Hsp70 (green) with ab2787. F-Actin staining with Phalloidin (red) and nuclei with DAPI (blue) is shown. Cells were grown on chamber slides and fixed with formaldehyde prior to staining. Cells were probed without (control) or with or an antibody recognizing Heat Shock Protein 70 ab2787 at a dilution of 1/100-1/200 over night at 4oC washed with PBS and incubated with a DyLight-488 conjugated secondary antibody. Images were taken at 60X magnification.

  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Immunofluorescent analysis of C6 (Rat glial tumor cell line) cells labeling Hsp70 (green) with ab2787. F-Actin staining with Phalloidin (red) and nuclei with DAPI (blue) is shown. Cells were grown on chamber slides and fixed with formaldehyde prior to staining. Cells were probed without (right) or with or an antibody recognizing Heat Shock Protein 70 (ab2787) (left) at a dilution of 1/100-1/200 over night at 4oC washed with PBS and incubated with a DyLight-488 conjugated secondary antibody. Images were taken at 60X magnification.

  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Immunofluorescent analysis of HeLa (Human epithelial cell line from cervix adenocarcinoma) and NIH/3T3 (Mouse embryo fibroblast cell line) cells labeling Hsp70 (green) with ab2787. Formalin fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 minutes at room temperature and blocked with 1% Blocker BSA for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with a HSP70 Monoclonal Antibody, at a dilution of 1:50 for at least 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS, and incubated with DyLight 488 goat-anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody at a dilution of 1/400 for 30 minutes at room temperature. Nuclei (blue) were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye.

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Immunohistochemistry was performed on cancer biopsies of deparaffinized Human prostate carcinoma tissue. To expose target proteins heat induced antigen retrieval was performed using 10mM sodium citrate (pH6.0) buffer microwaved for 8-15 minutes. Following antigen retrieval tissues were blocked in 3% BSA-PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. Tissues were then probed at a dilution of 1/100 with a mouse monoclonal antibody recognizing Heat Shock Protein 70 (ab2787) or without primary antibody (negative control) overnight at 4°C in a humidified chamber. Tissues were washed extensively with PBST and endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched with a peroxidase suppressor. Detection was performed using a biotin-conjugated secondary antibody and SA-HRP followed by colorimetric detection using DAB. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and prepped for mounting.

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    Immunohistochemistry was performed on normal biopsies of deparaffinized Human testis tissue. To expose target proteins heat induced antigen retrieval was performed using 10mM sodium citrate (pH6.0) buffer microwaved for 8-15 minutes. Following antigen retrieval tissues were blocked in 3% BSA-PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. Tissues were then probed at a dilution of 1/200 with a mouse monoclonal antibody recognizing Heat Shock Protein 70 (ab2787) or without primary antibody (negative control) overnight at 4°C in a humidified chamber. Tissues were washed extensively with PBST and endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched with a peroxidase suppressor. Detection was performed using a biotin-conjugated secondary antibody and SA-HRP followed by colorimetric detection using DAB. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and prepped for mounting.

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Hsp70 antibody [5A5] (ab2787)

    ab2787 staining human skin. Staining is localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus.
    Left panel: with primary antibody at 1/100. Right panel: isotype control.
    Sections were stained using an automated system at room temperature. Sections were rehydrated and antigen retrieved. Slides were peroxidase blocked in 3% H2O2 in methanol for 10 minutes. They were then blocked for 10 minutes (containing casein 0.25% in PBS) then incubated with primary antibody for 20 minutes. Colorimetric detection was completed with diaminobenzidine for 5 minutes. Slides were counterstained with Haematoxylin and coverslipped under DePeX. Please note that for manual staining we recommend to optimize the primary antibody concentration and incubation time (overnight incubation), and amplification may be required.

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