Name: Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker
SKU: ab104224
Rating: 5 (29 reviews)

Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker is a mouse monoclonal antibody that is used to detect NeuN in ICC/IF, IHC-P, Western blot. Suitable for Human, Mouse, Rat samples.

- Antibody clone 1B7 is cited in over 860 publications

Images

Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (AB104224), expandable thumbnail

Publications

Key facts

Isotype: IgG2b
Host species: Mouse
Storage buffer: Preservative: 0.03% Sodium azide
Constituents: PBS, 50% Glycerol (glycerin, glycerine)
Form: Liquid
Clonality: Monoclonal

Immunogen

Recombinant Fragment Protein within Human RBFOX3 aa 1-100. The exact immunogen used to generate this antibody is proprietary information. Database link A6NFN3

Reactivity data

Select an application

Product promiseTestedExpectedPredictedNot recommended

	ICC/IF	WB	IHC-P
Human	Expected	Expected	Tested
Mouse	Expected	Expected	Tested
Rat	Tested	Tested	Tested

Tested
Tested

Species	Dilution info	Notes
Species Rat	Dilution info 1 µg/mL	Notes -

Expected
Expected

Species	Dilution info	Notes
Species Mouse, Human	Dilution info Use at an assay dependent concentration.	Notes -

Tested
Tested

Species	Dilution info	Notes
Species Rat	Dilution info 1/1000.00000 - 1/2000.00000	Notes -

Expected
Expected

Species	Dilution info	Notes
Species Mouse, Human	Dilution info Use at an assay dependent concentration.	Notes -

Tested
Tested

Species	Dilution info	Notes
Species Mouse	Dilution info 5 µg/mL	Notes -
Species Rat	Dilution info 5 µg/mL	Notes -
Species Human	Dilution info 5 µg/mL	Notes -

Associated Products

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Target data

See full target information RBFOX3

Function

Pre-mRNA alternative splicing regulator. Regulates alternative splicing of RBFOX2 to enhance the production of mRNA species that are targeted for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD).

Alternative names

RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3, Fox-1 homolog C, Neuronal nuclei antigen, NeuN antigen, RBFOX3

Key facts

Isotype: IgG2b
Host species: Mouse
Storage buffer: Preservative: 0.03% Sodium azide
Constituents: PBS, 50% Glycerol (glycerin, glycerine)
Form: Liquid
Clonality: Monoclonal
Immunogen: Recombinant Fragment Protein within Human RBFOX3 aa 1-100. The exact immunogen used to generate this antibody is proprietary information. Database link A6NFN3
Clone number: 1B7
Purification technique: Affinity purification Protein A
Light chain type: kappa
Concentration

Storage

Shipped at conditions: Blue Ice
Appropriate short-term storage duration: 1-2 weeks
Appropriate short-term storage conditions: +4°C
Appropriate long-term storage conditions: -20°C
Aliquoting information: Upon delivery aliquot
Storage information: Avoid freeze / thaw cycle

Notes

Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224) is a mouse monoclonal antibody and is validated for use in ICC/IF, IHC-P and WB.

Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224) was first used in a scientific publication in 2013 and has been cited over 621 times in peer reviewed journals. It's performance in Western blot, immunofluorescence and IHC in human, mouse and rat samples is trusted by the scientific community.

Abcam's high quality validation processes ensure Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224) has high sensitivity and specificity.

Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224) has 26 independent reviews from customers.

Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224) specifically detects NeuN (UniProt ID: A6NFN3; Molecular weight: 34kDa) and is sold in 100 ug selling sizes.

NeuN is a widely used marker in neuro research for identifying mature neurons. It is expressed in the nuclei and, to a lesser extent, the cytoplasm of post-mitotic neurons. Researchers use NeuN to assess neuronal density and integrity, making it essential for studying neuronal development, neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. Its reliable expression in mature neurons helps in evaluating neuronal loss and therapeutic effects in various neurological conditions.

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Activity summary

NeuN also known as Fox-3 is a protein often utilized as a neuronal marker due to its expression predominantly in neurons. The molecular weight of NeuN is approximately 46-48 kDa. It is located in the nucleus and in the post-mitotic neurons of the central nervous system. Research frequently uses anti-NeuN antibodies for identifying neuronal cells in various samples capitalizing on its reliable expression profile across diverse neuron types. Common techniques for detecting NeuN include Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with NeuN staining being a definitive method for confirming neuronal identity.

Biological function summary

NeuN plays a role in RNA splicing specific to neurons contributing to the regulation of gene expression within the nervous system. It does not function as part of a larger protein complex but interacts with chromatin to influence neuronal gene expression. This has implications for neuronal differentiation and maintenance. Techniques like NeuN IHC use antibodies such as Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated variants to visualize neurons in tissue confirming its utility as an accessible and specific neuronal marker in research.

Pathways

NeuN serves an important function in neuronal development and differentiation. It particularly influences neurogenesis and synaptogenesis pathways where neuron-specific splicing and transcriptional regulation are essential. Although NeuN does not directly engage in pathways with other proteins because it operates independently its expression parallels the activity of significant neuronal proteins such as MAP2 and Neurofilaments. These relationships illustrate NeuN's indirect association in pathways promoting neuronal development and maintenance.

Associated diseases and disorders

NeuN remains significant in studies of neurodegenerative diseases and neuronal damage. For instance decreased NeuN staining has been observed in Alzheimer's disease indicating loss of neuronal identity or survival. Research also notes alterations in NeuN expression following ischemic injury where its presence or absence links to neuronal viability. NeuN's association with these states of neuronal health or pathology highlights its relevance as a marker in neurodegenerative and injury-related disorders. Furthermore while not directly in disease pathways NeuN functionally intersects with proteins like Tau in Alzheimer's suggesting its indirect role in disease pathways.

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16 product images

Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
IHC image of NeuN staining in rat brain formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue section, performed on a Leica Bond™ system using the standard protocol F.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6, epitope retrieval solution 1) for 20 minutes. The section was then incubated with ab104224, 1 μg/ml, for 15 minutes at room temperature and detected using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. The section was then counterstained with haematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
For other IHC staining systems (automated and non-automated) customers should optimize variable parameters such as antigen retrieval conditions, primary antibody concentration and antibody incubation times.
Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
NeuN Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence staining using mouse Anti-NeuN antibody
ab104224 staining NeuN - Neuronal Marker in primary hippocampal rat neurons/glia (obtained from Neuromics cat. no. PC35101) DIV14. The cells were fixed with 100% methanol (5 min) permeabilized with 0.1% PBS-Triton X-100 for 5 minutes and then blocked with 1% BSA/10% normal goat serum/0.3M glycine in 0.1%PBS-Tween for 1h. The cells were then incubated overnight at 4°C with ab104224 at 0.1μg/ml and Anti-beta Tubulin antibody - Loading Control ab6046 Rabbit polyclonal to beta Tubulin - Loading Control. Cells were then incubated with Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) preadsorbed ab150117 Goat polyclonal Secondary Antibody to Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 488) preadsorbed at 1/1000 dilution (shown in green) and Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 594) ab150080 Goat polyclonal Secondary Antibody to Rabbit IgG - H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 594) at 1/1000 dilution (shown in pseudocolour red). Nuclear DNA was labelled with DAPI (shown in blue).
Also suitable in cells fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (10 min).
Image was acquired with a high-content analyser (Operetta CLS Perkin Elmer) and a maximum intensity projection of confocal sections is shown.
Western blot - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
All lanes: Western blot - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224) at 1/1000 dilution
Lane 2: Adult rat whole brain lysate
Lane 3: Embryonic E20 rat whole brain lysate
Lane 4: Adult mouse whole brain lysate
Predicted band size: 34 kDa
Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
NeuN Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence staining of rat brain neurons using mouse Anti-NeuN antibody
Rat brain neural cultures stained with ab104224 in pink with Anti-GFAP antibody - Astrocyte Marker ab4674 (chicken polyclonal to GFAP) in green and DNA in blue. ab104224 reveals strong nuclear and distal cytoplasmic staining. It does not stain astrocytes and other non-neuronal cells.
Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
NeuN Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) staining using mouse Anti-NeuN antibody
IHC image of NeuN staining in mouse cerebellum formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue section performed on a Leica Bond™ system using the standard protocol B.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6 epitope retrieval solution 1) for 20 minutes. The section was then incubated with ab104224 1 μg/ml for 15 minutes at room temperature. A goat anti-mouse biotinylated secondary antibody was used to detect the primary and visualized using an HRP conjugated ABC system. DAB was used as the chromogen. The section was then counterstained with haematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
For other IHC staining systems (automated and non-automated) customers should optimize variable parameters such as antigen retrieval conditions primary antibody concentration and antibody incubation times.
Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
NeuN Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence staining using mouse Anti-NeuN antibody
Immunofluorescent analysis of rat brain stem co-stained with ab104224 in green and a chicken pAb to microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) in red. Blue is DAPI staining of nuclear DNA.
Following transcardial perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde the brain was post fixed for 24 hours cut to 45μM and free-floating sections were stained. The Fox3/NeuN antibody selectively stains nuclei and the proximal cytoplasm of neuronal cells while the MAP2 antibody labels dendrites and overlaps with Fox3/NeuN staining in the perikarya of neurons.
Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
NeuN Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) staining of human hippocampus tissue using mouse Anti-NeuN antibody
IHC image of FOX3/NeuN staining in human normal hippocampus formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue section performed on a Leica BondTM system using the standard protocol F.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH6 epitope retrieval solution 1) for 20 minutes. The section was then incubated with ab104224 5 μg/ml for 15 minutes at room temperature and detected using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. The section was then counterstained with haematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
For other IHC staining systems (automated and non-automated) customers should optimize variable parameters such as antigen retrieval conditions primary antibody concentration and antibody incubation times.
Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
NeuN Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence staining of Primary hippocampal mouse neurons/glia DIV14. using mouse Anti-NeuN antibody
Immunofluorescence staining of SOX9 using Anti-SOX9 antibody [EPR14335] ab185230 in primary hippocampal mouse neurons/glia (obtained from Transnetyx Tissue by BrainBits LLC cat.no. C57EHP) DIV14. The cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde (10 min) permeabilized with 0.1% TritonX-100 (in PBS) for 5 mins and then blocked with 1% BSA/10% normal goat serum/0.3M glycine in 0.1% PBS-Tween for 1h. The cells were then incubated overnight at +4°C with Anti-SOX9 antibody [EPR14335] ab185230 at 5 μg/ml, Anti-GFAP antibody - Astrocyte Marker ab4674 (anti-GFAP) at 1/1000 dilution and ab104224 (anti-NeuN) at 1/1000 dilution. Cells were then incubated with Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) preadsorbed ab150081 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 488) preadsorbed at 1/1000 dilution (shown in green) Goat Anti-Chicken IgY H&L (Alexa Fluor® 594) preadsorbed ab150176 Goat Anti-Chicken IgY H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 594) preadsorbed (shown in red) and Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 647) preadsorbed ab150119 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 647) (shown in purple) all secondary antibodies at 1/1000 dilution. Nuclear DNA was labelled with DAPI (shown in blue).
As expected most GFAP positive cells are also SOX9 positive while NeuN positive cells are SOX9 negative.
Images were acquired with the Perkin Elmer Operetta HCA and a maximum intensity projection of confocal sections is shown.
Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
NeuN Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence staining using mouse Anti-NeuN antibody
Immunofluorescence staining of SOX9 using Alexa Fluor® 488 Anti-SOX9 antibody [EPR14335] ab196450 in primary hippocampal mouse neurons/glia (obtained from Transnetyx Tissue by BrainBits LLC cat.no. C57EHP) DIV14. The cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde (10 min) permeabilized with 0.1% TritonX-100 (in PBS) for 5 mins and then blocked with 1% BSA/10% normal goat serum/0.3M glycine in 0.1% PBS-Tween for 1h. The cells were then incubated overnight at +4°C with Alexa Fluor® 488 Anti-SOX9 antibody [EPR14335] ab196450 at 1 μg/ml (shown in green), Anti-GFAP antibody - Astrocyte Marker ab4674 (anti-GFAP) at 1/1000 dilution and ab104224 (anti-NeuN) at 1/1000 dilution. Cells were then incubated with Goat Anti-Chicken IgY H&L (Alexa Fluor® 594) preadsorbed ab150176 Goat Anti-Chicken IgY H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 594) preadsorbed (shown in red) and Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 647) preadsorbed ab150119 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 647) (shown in purple) all secondary antibodies at 1/1000 dilution. Nuclear DNA was labelled with DAPI (shown in blue).
As expected most GFAP positive cells are also SOX9 positive while NeuN positive cells are SOX9 negative.
Images were acquired with the Perkin Elmer Operetta HCA and a maximum intensity projection of confocal sections is shown.
Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
NeuN Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence staining of Primary hippocampal mouse neurons/glia DIV14. using mouse Anti-NeuN antibody
Immunofluorescence staining of SOX9 using Anti-SOX9 antibody [EPR14335-78] ab185966 in primary hippocampal mouse neurons/glia (obtained from Transnetyx Tissue by BrainBits LLC cat.no. C57EHP) DIV14. The cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde (10 min) permeabilized with 0.1% TritonX-100 (in PBS) for 5 mins and then blocked with 1% BSA/10% normal goat serum/0.3M glycine in 0.1% PBS-Tween for 1h. The cells were then incubated overnight at +4°C with Anti-SOX9 antibody [EPR14335-78] ab185966 at 1 μg/ml, Anti-GFAP antibody - Astrocyte Marker ab4674 (anti-GFAP) at 1/1000 dilution and ab104224 (anti-NeuN) at 1/1000 dilution. Cells were then incubated with Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) preadsorbed ab150081 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 488) preadsorbed at 1/1000 dilution (shown in green) Goat Anti-Chicken IgY H&L (Alexa Fluor® 594) preadsorbed ab150176 Goat Anti-Chicken IgY H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 594) preadsorbed (shown in red) and Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 647) preadsorbed ab150119 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 647) (shown in purple) all secondary antibodies at 1/1000 dilution. Nuclear DNA was labelled with DAPI (shown in blue).
As expected most GFAP positive cells are also SOX9 positive while NeuN positive cells are SOX9 negative. SOX9 positive cells which are not GFAP positive (e.g. asterisk) are likely neural stem cells/ oligodendrocyte precursor cells present in the culture.
Images were acquired with the Perkin Elmer Operetta HCA and a maximum intensity projection of confocal sections is shown.
Image collected and cropped by CiteAb under a CC-BY license from the publication
Western blot - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
NeuN western blot using anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker ab104224. Publication image and figure legend from Wang, J., Zhai, W., et al., 2018, Front Cell Neurosci, PubMed 29375318.

ab104224 was used in this publication in western blot. This may not be the same as the application(s) guaranteed by Abcam. For a full list of applications guaranteed by Abcam for ab104224 please see the product overview.
Protein levels and localization of DCC and UNC5H2 after ICH. (A) Western blot assay of protein levels of DCC and UNC5H2 in the peri-hematoma cortex at different time points after ICH. All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Mean values of protein levels in the sham group were normalized to 1.0. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. the sham group, n = 6. (B) Double immunofluorescence staining was performed in the peri-hematoma cortex with DCC antibody (green) and a neuronal marker (NeuN, red), and nuclei were labeled with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 20 μm. All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. The mean value of the sham group was normalized to 1.0. **p < 0.01 vs. the sham group, n = 6. (C) Double immunofluorescence staining was performed in the peri-hematoma cortex with UNC5H2 antibody (green) and a neuronal marker (NeuN, red), and nuclei were labeled with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 20 μm. All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. The mean value of the sham group was normalized to 1.0. **p < 0.01 vs. the sham group, n = 6.
Image collected and cropped by CiteAb under a CC-BY license from the publication
Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
Immunocytochemistry-immunofluorescence using Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker, ab104224. Publication image from Fu, C. et al., 2020, Front Pharmacol, 32153398. Legend direct from paper.
Effect of QNDP on the expression of NLRP3, ASC, and cleaved caspase 1/pro-caspase 1 in MCAO rats. (A) Western blotting analysis of NLRP3, (B) Western blotting analysis of ASC, (C) Western blotting analysis of C-caspase 1/pro-caspase 1, (D) Immunofluorescent staining for NLRP3 (red), NeuN (green), the nuclei were stained blue with DAPI. Scale bar indicates 20 μm. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM, n = 3 per group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared with the sham group, ##p < 0.01 compared with the MCAO group.
Image collected and cropped by CiteAb under a CC-BY license from the publication
Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
Immunocytochemistry-immunofluorescence using Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker, ab104224. Publication image from Tan, Z. et al., 2020, Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 32302063. Legend direct from paper.
The effect of FK866 on neuronal neurons in the peri‐injured cerebral cortex at 24 h after TBI. In the rats subjected to TBI, the percentage of TUNEL‐positive neurons was higher when compared with the sham group, while FK866 decreased neuronal apoptosis. Scar bar = 50 μm. n = 5/group. The bar represents mean ± SD, **P < 0.01 versus sham group; ##P < 0.01 versus TBI + vehicle group.
Image collected and cropped by CiteAb under a CC-BY license from the publication
Immunohistochemistry - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
Immunohistochemistry using Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker, ab104224. Publication image from Raynald et al., 2019, CNS Neurosci Ther, 31486601. Legend direct from paper.
A, The immunofluorescence assay of neurons in the area adjacent to the lesion area stained with NeuN (red) in longitudinal sections at 6 wk after SCI. The image (B) and quantification (C) of caspase3‐positive staining within each group. D, Statistically significant differences in NeuN+ cells between the three groups. E, F, The mRNA expression of VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) and Casp 3 (caspase 3) showed a significant difference between three groups. **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. Scale bar in (A) = 250 μm, scale bar in all magnification = 100 μm. Scale bar in (B) = 25 μm.
Image collected and cropped by CiteAb under a CC-BY license from the publication
Immunohistochemistry - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
Immunohistochemistry using Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker, ab104224. Publication image from Song, T. et al., 2022, Front Pharmacol, 35401208. Legend direct from paper.
The cellular localization of SIRT2 and FPN1 in the spinal cord. (A) SIRT2 levels decreased in the microglia of SNI rats. (B,C) FPN1 levels decreased in the microglia and neurons of SNI rats. The image in the first column on the left shows the overall outline of the spinal cord. Representative confocal images show the results of double immunofluorescence staining of SIRT2 or FPN1 (red) in the spinal dorsal horn; CD11b, a microglia marker (green) or NeuN, a neuronal marker (green) in the sham group and SNI group. Scale bars, 100 μm. SNI, spared nerve injury; SIRT2, sirtuin 2; FPN1, ferroportin 1.
Image collected and cropped by CiteAb under a CC-BY license from the publication
Immunohistochemistry - Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker (ab104224)
Immunohistochemistry using Anti-NeuN antibody [1B7] - Neuronal Marker, ab104224. Publication image from Liu, D. et al., 2020, Front Pharmacol, 32194421. Legend direct from paper.
PUR alleviates HI-induced apoptosis at 72 h post-HI insult. (A) Levels of Bax and Bcl-2 within the ipsilateral cortex were measured with use of western blotting. Quantification of protein levels of Bax and Bcl-2 were determined with use of Image-Pro Plus 6⋅0 (N = 4/group). (B) Double immunofluorescent staining of active caspase-3 (red) and NeuN (green) within the ipsilateral cortex. Scale bar = 50 μm. (C) Quantification of active caspase-3/NeuN-positive cells (N = 4/group). Six images (20×) were captured randomly for each section per animal. (D) Immunoblotting analysis of active caspase-3, caspase-3 within the ipsilateral cortex. (E) Image-Pro Plus 6.0 was used to quantify protein levels of caspase-3 and active caspase-3. Results are expressed as the ratio of active caspase-3/caspase-3 (N = 4/group). Values represent the mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 according to ANOVA with Bonferroni correction.