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Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560) is a rabbit monoclonal antibody detecting Pan Trk in Western Blot, IHC-P, ICC/IF. Suitable for Human, Mouse, Rat.



- Biophysical QC for unrivalled batch-batch consistency

- Over 30 publications



Images

Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (AB181560), expandable thumbnail
  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (AB181560), expandable thumbnail
  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (AB181560), expandable thumbnail
  • Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (AB181560), expandable thumbnail
  • Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (AB181560), expandable thumbnail

Publications

Key facts

Isotype
IgG
Host species
Rabbit
Storage buffer

Preservative: 0.01% Sodium azide
Constituents: 59% PBS, 40% Glycerol (glycerin, glycerine), 0.05% BSA

Form
Liquid
Clonality
Monoclonal

Immunogen

  • The exact immunogen used to generate this antibody is proprietary information.

Reactivity data

Select an application
Product promiseTestedExpectedPredictedNot recommended
WBICC/IFIHC-P
Human
Tested
Expected
Tested
Mouse
Tested
Tested
Tested
Rat
Tested
Expected
Tested
Chicken
Predicted
Predicted
Predicted

Tested
Tested

Species
Mouse
Dilution info
1/10000
Notes

Perform heat-mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

Species
Rat
Dilution info
1/10000
Notes

Perform heat-mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

Species
Human
Dilution info
1/10000
Notes

Perform heat-mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

Predicted
Predicted

Species
Chicken
Dilution info
-
Notes

-

Tested
Tested

Species
Mouse
Dilution info
1/250
Notes

-

Expected
Expected

Species
Rat, Human
Dilution info
Use at an assay dependent concentration.
Notes

-

Predicted
Predicted

Species
Chicken
Dilution info
-
Notes

-

Tested
Tested

Species
Mouse
Dilution info
1/500
Notes

Perform heat-mediated antigen retrieval before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

Species
Rat
Dilution info
1/500
Notes

Perform heat-mediated antigen retrieval before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

Species
Human
Dilution info
1/500
Notes

Perform heat-mediated antigen retrieval before commencing with IHC staining protocol.

Predicted
Predicted

Species
Chicken
Dilution info
-
Notes

-

Associated Products

Select an associated product type

2 products for Alternative Product

Target data

Function

The protein expressed by the NTRK2 gene functions as a receptor for BDNF/brain-derived neurotrophic factor and NTF4/neurotrophin-4, and can also bind to NTF3/neurotrophin-3, although this interaction is less efficient. Upon binding with its ligands, the receptor undergoes homodimerization, autophosphorylation, and activation, enabling it to recruit, phosphorylate, and/or activate several downstream effectors like SHC1, FRS2, SH2B1, SH2B2, and PLCG1. These effectors regulate distinct but overlapping signaling cascades. Through SHC1, FRS2, SH2B1, and SH2B2, NTRK2 activates the GRB2-Ras-MAPK cascade, which regulates neuronal differentiation including neurite outgrowth, as well as the Ras-PI3 kinase-AKT1 signaling cascade, which is primarily involved in growth and survival. The PLCG1 pathway, which influences synaptic plasticity, plays a role in learning and memory by affecting both short-term synaptic function and long-term potentiation. Additionally, PLCG1 activation leads to NF-Kappa-B activation, promoting the transcription of genes related to cell survival, thereby suppressing anoikis. NTRK2 may also be involved in neurotrophin-dependent calcium signaling in glial cells and in mediating communication between neurons and glial cells. This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Alternative names

Recommended products

Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560) is a rabbit monoclonal antibody detecting Pan Trk in Western Blot, IHC-P, ICC/IF. Suitable for Human, Mouse, Rat.



- Biophysical QC for unrivalled batch-batch consistency

- Over 30 publications


Key facts

Isotype
IgG
Form
Liquid
Clonality
Monoclonal
Immunogen
  • The exact immunogen used to generate this antibody is proprietary information.
Clone number
EPR17341
Purification technique
Affinity purification Protein A
Concentration
Loading...

Storage

Shipped at conditions
Blue Ice
Appropriate short-term storage duration
1-2 weeks
Appropriate short-term storage conditions
+4°C
Appropriate long-term storage conditions
-20°C
Aliquoting information
Upon delivery aliquot
Storage information
Avoid freeze / thaw cycle

Notes

Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560) was developed by Abcam using patented rabbit monoclonal antibody technology and is validated for use in ICC/IF, IHC-P and WB.

Abcam's high quality manufacturing and validation processes ensure Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560) has high sensitivity and specificity alongside high lot-to-lot consistency and reproducibility.

Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560) specifically detects Pan Trk (UniProt ID: Q16620; Molecular weight: 89kDa) and is sold in 100 µL and 1 mL selling sizes.

Conjugation-ready, carrier free format available for antibody clone EPR17341 - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] - BSA and Azide free ab218577.

Antibody clone EPR17341 is also available pre-conjugated to a variety of labels for your convenience - HRP, Biotin, Alexa Fluor® 488, Alexa Fluor® 647, Alexa Fluor® 594, Alexa Fluor® 568, Alexa Fluor® 555, Alexa Fluor® 750 (HRP Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] ab209465, Biotin Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] ab252166, Alexa Fluor® 488 Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] ab308600, Alexa Fluor® 647 Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] ab311129, Alexa Fluor® 594 Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] ab311762, Alexa Fluor® 568 Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] ab313042, Alexa Fluor® 555 Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] ab313243, Alexa Fluor® 750 Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] ab321255).

Enhanced validation in multi normal and malignant Tissue Microarrays. TRK is a key target for investigating neurotrophic receptors and signal transduction. It plays a crucial role in cancer therapy research, particularly in understanding NTRK gene fusions and their implications. TRK is widely analysed in studies of TRK inhibitors and neuroblastoma. Mutations and alterations in TRK are linked to various cancers, making it a significant target for developing targeted cancer therapies.

Patented technology
Our RabMAb® technology is a patented hybridoma-based technology for making rabbit monoclonal antibodies. For details on our patents, please refer to RabMAb® patents.

What are the advantages of a recombinant monoclonal antibody?
This product is a recombinant monoclonal antibody, which offers several advantages including:

  • - High batch-to-batch consistency and reproducibility
  • - Improved sensitivity and specificity
  • - Long-term security of supply
  • - Animal-free batch production

For more information, read more on recombinant antibodies.

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.
Activity summary

Pan Trk also known as tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) includes three different receptors: TrkA TrkB and TrkC. These belong to the neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) family each with a mass of roughly 140 kDa. They are mainly expressed in neuronal tissues but can also appear in non-neuronal tissues. The pan Trk term refers to antibodies that detect all three receptors simultaneously. These receptors play an important role in the cellular response to neurotrophins which are essential for differentiation survival and plasticity of neurons.

Biological function summary

The Trk receptors bind with neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) to initiate signaling that supports neuronal survival and growth. These receptors function as part of a larger receptor-ligand complex. Upon neurotrophin binding the Trk receptors undergo dimerization and transphosphorylation triggering downstream signaling cascades. This activation modulates cellular processes including synaptic strength enhancement and neuronal network formation.

Pathways

The Trk receptors activate important cellular signaling pathways such as the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. These pathways regulate cell survival proliferation and differentiation. The Trk receptors interact with proteins like Shc PLCγ and Grb2 which facilitate signal transduction to multiple downstream effectors. This integration into signaling networks allows cross-talk with other signaling molecules and pathways orchestrating complex biological functions.

Associated diseases and disorders

Pan Trk expression links to conditions like neurodegenerative diseases and certain cancers. Overexpression or mutation of Trk receptors can lead to oncogenesis particularly in tumor types like gliomas and neuroblastomas. Moreover abnormal Trk signaling has associations with Alzheimer's disease where dysregulated nerve growth factor signaling contributes to neurodegeneration. Targeted therapies and pan Trk inhibitors offer potential treatment strategies for these diseases by modulating receptor activity and correcting signaling pathway imbalances.

Product promise

We are dedicated to supporting your work with high quality reagents and we are here for you every step of the way should you need us.

In the unlikely event of one of our products not working as expected, you are covered by our product promise.

Full details and terms and conditions can be found here:
Terms & Conditions.

15 product images

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Pan Trk Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) staining of Human astrocytoma tissue using rabbit Anti-Pan Trk antibody

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Human astrocytoma tissue labeling Pan Trk with ab181560 at 1/500 dilution followed by Anti-Rabbit HRP (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) ab97051) at 1/500 dilution. Astrocytoma cells show strong cytoplasmic staining. Counter stained with Hematoxylin. Antigen retrieval was perfomed using Tris-EDTA buffer pH 9.0

    Negative control: Using PBS instead of primary ab secondary ab is prediluted HRP Polymer for Rabbit/Mouse IgG.

  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Pan Trk Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence staining of mouse primary neural mix culture cells using rabbit Anti-Pan Trk antibody

    Immunofluorescent analysis of 4% Paraformaldehyde-fixed 0.1% TritonX-100 permeabilized mouse primary neural mix culture cells labelling Pan Trk with ab181560 at 1:100 dilution followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) ab150077 AlexaFluor®488 Goat anti-Rabbit secondary antibody at 1:1000 dilution (Green). Confocal scanning Z step was set as 0.3 μm followed by image processing with maximum Z projection. Alexa Fluor® 594 Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody [DM1A] - Microtubule Marker ab195889 Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody [DM1A] - Microtubule Marker (Alexa Fluor® 594) was used to counterstain tubulin at 1:200 dilution (Red). The Nuclear counterstain was DAPI (Blue).

  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Pan Trk Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence staining of Neuro-2a (Mouse neuroblastoma cells) cells using rabbit Anti-Pan Trk antibody

    Immunofluorescent analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed 0.1% tritonX-100 permeabilized Neuro-2a (Mouse neuroblastoma cells) cells labeling Pan Trk with ab181560 at 1/250 dilution. Goat anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor® 488) (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) ab150077) at 1/400 dilution was used as the secondary antibody (green). Confocal image showing cytoplasmic staining on Neuro-2a cells is shown. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Tubulin is detected with Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody [DM1A] - Loading Control ab7291 (Tubulin mouse mAb) at 1/500 and Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 594) preadsorbed ab150120 (Alexa Fluor® 594 Goat anti-Mouse secondary) at 1/500 dilution (red).

    The negative controls are as follows;
    1. ab181560 at 1/250 dilution followed by Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 594) preadsorbed ab150120 (Goat anti mouse IgG (Alexa Fluor® 594)) at 1/500 dilution.
    2. Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody [DM1A] - Loading Control ab7291 (anti-Tubulin mouse mAb) at 1/500 dilution followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) ab150077 (Goat anti rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor® 488)) at 1/400 dilution.

  • Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    TrkB is abundantly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems,

    human fetal heart and human fetal spleen are used as negative controls.

    The 30KDa band is an intracellular fragment TrkB-ICD, and the 140KDa observed MW which is higher than the predicted one is due to the glycosylation modification.

    Blocking/dilution buffer: 5% NFDM/TBST.

    All lanes: Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560) at 1/10000 dilution

    Lane 1: Human fetal brain lysates at 20 µg

    Lane 2: Human fetal heart lysates at 20 µg

    Lane 3: Human fetal spleen lysates at 20 µg

    Secondary

    All lanes: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG, (H+L),Peroxidase conjugated at 1/1000 dilution

    Predicted band size: 92 kDa

  • Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Different batches of ab181560 were tested on human brain lysate at 1.5 µg/ml. 15 µg of lysate was loaded in each lane. Bands observed at 30,140 kDa.

    All lanes: Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Predicted band size: 92 kDa

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Human cerebral cortex tissue labeling Pan Trk with ab181560 at 1/500 dilution, followed by Anti-Rabbit HRP (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) ab97051) at 1/500 dilution. Cytoplasmic staining is observed on neurons of human cerebral cortex. Counter stained with Hematoxylin. Antigen retrieval was perfomed using Tris-EDTA buffer, pH 9.0.

    Negative control: Using PBS instead of primary ab, secondary ab is prediluted HRP Polymer for Rabbit/Mouse IgG.

  • Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    TrkB is abundantly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. The 30KDa band is an intracellular fragment TrkB-ICD, and the 140KDa observed MW which is higher than the predicted one is due to the glycosylation modification.

    Blocking/dilution buffer: 5% NFDM/TBST.

    All lanes: Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560) at 1/10000 dilution

    All lanes: Human cerebellum lysates at 10 µg

    Secondary

    All lanes: Anti-Rabbit IgG (HRP), specific to the non-reduced form of IgG at 1/1000 dilution

    Predicted band size: 48 kDa, 92 kDa

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Mouse cerebral cortex tissue labeling Pan Trk with ab181560 at 1/500 dilution, followed by Anti-Rabbit HRP (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) ab97051) at 1/500 dilution. Cytoplasmic staining is observed on neurons of mouse cerebral cortex. Counter stained with Hematoxylin. Antigen retrieval was perfomed using Tris-EDTA buffer, pH 9.0.
    Negative control: Using PBS instead of primary ab, secondary ab is prediluted HRP Polymer for Rabbit/Mouse IgG.

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Rat cerebral cortex tissue labeling Pan Trk with ab181560 at 1/500 dilution, followed by Anti-Rabbit HRP (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) ab97051) at 1/500 dilution. Cytoplasmic staining is observed on neurons of Rat cerebral cortex. Counter stained with Hematoxylin. Antigen retrieval was perfomed using Tris-EDTA buffer, pH 9.0.
    Negative control: Using PBS instead of primary ab, secondary ab is prediluted HRP Polymer for Rabbit/Mouse IgG.

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Human (Panel 1), Mouse (Panel 2) or Rat (Panel 3) liver tissue labeling Pan Trk with ab181560 at 1/500 dilution, followed by Anti-Rabbit HRP (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) ab97051) at 1/500 dilution. The staining is negative on normal Human liver. Counter stained with Hematoxylin. Antigen retrieval was perfomed using Tris-EDTA buffer, pH 9.0.
    Negative control: Using PBS instead of primary ab, secondary ab is prediluted HRP Polymer for Rabbit/Mouse IgG.

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Tissue Microarrays stained for "Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341]" using "ab181560"in immunohistochemical analysis. This table provides a detailed overview of positive (tick mark) and negative (cross mark) staining per sample type tested. The sections were pre-treated using Heat mediated antigen retrieval using Antigen Retrieval Buffer (100X Tris-EDTA Buffer, pH 9.0) ab93684 (Tris/EDTA buffer, pH 9.0). The sections were incubated with ab181560 at +4°C overnight followed by a ready to use Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP polymer).

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of formalin fixed paraffin embedded human cerebrum labelling Pan Trk with ab181560 at a concentration of 5 µg/ml. The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument with a Bond™ Polymer Refine Detection kit. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0, Epitope Retrieval Solution 2) for 20 mins. ab181560 anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] was incubated for 30 mins at room temperature. Sections were counterstained with Hematoxylin. Image inset shows absence of staining in secondary antibody only control.

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Immunohistochemical analysis of formalin fixed paraffin embedded human cerebrum labelling Pan Trk with ab181560 at a concentration of 3 µg/ml. The immunostaining was performed on a Ventana DISCOVERY ULTRA (Roche Tissue Diagnostics) instrument with an OptiView DAB IHC Detection Kit. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was conducted for 32 mins at 100°C with ULTRA cell conditioning solution (CC1, pH 8.5). ab181560 anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] was incubated at 37°C for 16 mins. Sections were counterstained with Hematoxylin II. Image inset shows absence of staining in secondary antibody only control.

  • Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Tissue Microarrays stained for "Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341]" using "ab181560"in immunohistochemical analysis. This table provides a detailed overview of positive (tick mark) and negative (cross mark) staining per sample type tested. The sections were pre-treated using Heat mediated antigen retrieval using Antigen Retrieval Buffer (100X Tris-EDTA Buffer, pH 9.0) ab93684 (Tris/EDTA buffer, pH 9.0). The sections were incubated with ab181560 at +4°C overnight followed by a ready to use Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP polymer).

  • Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560), expandable thumbnail

    Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560)

    Blocking and dilution buffer: 5% NFDM/TBST.

    All lanes: Western blot - Anti-Pan Trk antibody [EPR17341] (ab181560) at 1/10000 dilution

    Lane 1: 293T (human embryonic kidney) transfected with an empty vector (vector control) containing a myc-His-tag®, whole cell lysate at 20 µg

    Lane 2: 293T transfected with human TrkA expression vector containing a myc-His-tag®, whole cell lysate at 20 µg

    Lane 3: 293T transfected with human TrkB expression vector containing a myc-His-tag®, whole cell lysate at 20 µg

    Lane 4: 293T transfected with human TrkC expression vector containing a myc-His-tag®, whole cell lysate at 20 µg

    Secondary

    All lanes: Western blot - Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) ab97051) at 1/20000 dilution

    Observed band size: 140 kDa

    Exposure time: 100s

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Product protocols

For this product, it's our understanding that no specific protocols are required. You can:

Please note: All products are 'FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR USE IN DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES'.

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