Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10]

25 product images

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  Image from Silva MA et al., PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0196464. Fig 3(B).; 10.1371/journal.pone.0196464.

  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) Staining PD-L1 in human non-small cell lung cancer tissue with >50% PD-L1-positive tumor cells were compared with tissue with lower PD-L1 expression using 73-10 at 0.25μg/ml incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. Antigen Retrieval was done with Target Retrieval Solution, high pH. Detection was done with EnVision FLEX/HRP. Hematoxylin EnVision FLEX was used as a counter stain.

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  Image from Tsao MS et al., J Thorac Oncol. 2018;13(9):1302-1311. Fig 3.; 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.05.013 with permission from Elsevier.

  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) of lung cancer tissue samples. Comparing the staining PD-L1 with different monoclonal antibodies. 73-10 showed higher sensitivity to PD-L1 compared to the other clones. For further details on this image please see PubMed ID: 29800747.

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  Image from Silva MA et al., PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0196464. Fig 4.; 10.1371/journal.pone.0196464.

  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) Staining PD-L1 in human non-small cell lung cancer tissue using 73-10 at 0.25μg/ml incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. Antigen Retrieval was done with Target Retrieval Solution, high pH. Detection was done with EnVision FLEX/HRP. Hematoxylin EnVision FLEX was used as a counter stain.
  

  A: Diffuse expression of PD-L1 (IHC) on tumor cell membranes of a squamous cell carcinoma, including central regions of trabeculae. Prominent labeling of cells in the TME compartment at the tumor-nest-TME interface suggesting presence of an immunological synapse (inset arrow).

  B: Patchy expression of PD-L1 in a squamous cell carcinoma at the tumor-nest-TME interface (inset arrow). Minimal to no PD-L1 expression in the trabeculae (asterisk) if compared with (A)

  C: No to minimal PD-L1 expression in both tumor and TME compartments in an adenocarcinoma.

  D: Diffuse expression of PD-L1 by tumor-nests in an adenocarcinoma with minimal TME staining.

  F: TME expression only. No to minimal PD-L1 expression in tumor cells of a squamous cell carcinoma, with widespread staining in the TME compartment.

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  IHC image of ab228415 staining PD-L1 in human tonsil formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections*, performed on a Leica BOND RX (standard Protocol F, Polymer Refine kit). The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with EDTA buffer (pH9, epitope retrieval solution 2) for 30 mins at 98°C. The section was then incubated with ab228415, 0.06μg/ml working concentration, for 15 mins at room temperature and detected using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system for 8 minutes at room temperature. DAB was used as the chromogen for 10 minutes at room temperature. The section was then counterstained with hematoxylin, blued, dehydrated, cleared and mounted with DPX.
  

  For other IHC staining systems (automated and non-automated) customers should optimize variable parameters such as antigen retrieval conditions, primary antibody concentration and antibody incubation times.

  *Tissue obtained from the Human Research Tissue Bank, supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre

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  Flow Cytometry (Intracellular) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Intracellular flow cytometric analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, 90% methanol-permeabilized CHO-PD-L1 (PD-L1 stably expressed Chinese hamster ovary epithelial cell, Red) / CHO-S (Chinese hamster ovary epithelial cell, Blue) cell lines labeling PD-L1 with ab228415 at 1/100 dilution (red). Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 488) (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) ab150077) at 1/2000 dilution was used as the secondary antibody.

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  Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunofluorescent analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, 0.1% Triton X-100 permeabilized CHO-PD-L1 (PD-L1 stably expressed Chinese hamster ovary epithelial cell) cells labeling PD-L1 with ab228415 at 1/200 dilution followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 488) (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) ab150077) secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution (green). Confocal image showing membranous staining on CHO-PD-L1 cells.
  

  The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Tubulin is detected with anti-alpha Tubulin antibody [DM1A] - Microtubule Marker (Alexa Fluor^® 594) (Alexa Fluor® 594 Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody [DM1A] - Microtubule Marker ab195889) (red) at 1/200 dilution.

  Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 488) (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) ab150077) secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution.

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  Western blot - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Blocking/Diluting buffer and concentration: 5% NFDM/TBST. Expression of PD-L1 varied widely among the tumor cell lines.

  All lanes: Western blot - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415) at 1/1000 dilution

  Lane 1: MDA-MB-231 (Human breast adenocarcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 2: MCF7 (Human breast adenocarcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 3: SK-BR-3 (Human breast adenocarcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 4: H1975 (Human non-small cell lung cancer epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 5: NCI-H1299 (Human lung carcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 6: A549 (Human lung carcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 7: SW480 (Human colorectal adenocarcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 8: HCT 116 (Human colorectal carcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 9: PC-3 (Human prostate adenocarcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 10: DU 145 (Human prostate carcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 11: A375 (Human malignant melanoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 12: MeWo (Human malignant melanoma fibroblast) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 13: U-87 MG (Human glioblastoma-astrocytoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 14: Huh7 (Human hepatocellular carcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 15: HepG2 (Human hepatocellular carcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 16: BXPC-3 (Human pancreas adenocarcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 17: PANC-1 (Human pancreatic epithelioid carcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 18: NIH:OVCAR-3 (Human ovary adenocarcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 19: SK-OV-3 (Human ovarian cancer epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 20: HeLa (Human cervix adenocarcinoma epithelial cell) whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Secondary

  All lanes: Western blot - Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) ab97051) at 1/20000 dilution

  Predicted band size: 33 kDa

  Observed band size: 40-60 kDa

  Exposure time: 120s

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  Immunohistochemistry (Frozen sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  IHC image of PD-L1 staining in a section of frozen normal human tonsil* performed on a Leica BOND™ system using the standard protocol. The section was fixed in 10% paraformaldehyde (10 min) prior to staining. The section was incubated with ab228415, 0.05ugml, for 15 mins at room temperature and detected using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. The section was then counterstained with haematoxylin and mounted with DPX. The inset secondary-only control image is taken from an identical assay without primary antibody.
  

  
  For other IHC staining systems (automated and non-automated) customers should optimize variable parameters such as antigen retrieval conditions, primary antibody concentration and antibody incubation times.

  
  *Tissue obtained from the Human Research Tissue Bank, supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

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  IHC image of ab228415 staining PD-L1 in PD-L1 Dynamic Range Analyte Control formalin fixed paraffin embedded cell lines HistoCyte Laboratories

  ), performed on a Leica BOND RX (standard Protocol F, Polymer Refine kit). The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with EDTA buffer (pH9, epitope retrieval solution 2) for 30 mins at 98°C. The section was then incubated with ab228415, 0.06μg/ml working concentration, for 15 mins at room temperature and detected using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system for 8 minutes at room temperature. DAB was used as the chromogen for 10 minutes at room temperature. The section was then counterstained with hematoxylin, blued, dehydrated, cleared and mounted with DPX.
  

  For other IHC staining systems (automated and non-automated) customers should optimize variable parameters such as antigen retrieval conditions, primary antibody concentration and antibody incubation times.

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10 ] (ab228415)
  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) analysis of human tonsil tissue labelling PD-L1 with ab228415 at a dilution of 1:2500. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed using AR9 antigen retrieval solution, and microwave treatment for 15 min at 20% power. Anti-Rabbit/Mouse HRP polymer (Vector Labs) was used as secondary antibody. Opal tyramide amplification was performed using Opal 520 fluorophore.. Counterstained with DAPI stain. Image scanned with Vectra 3.0 and analyzed via software.
  This image was courteously provided by Dr. Houssein Abdul Sater, Georgia Cancer Center.

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) of human tonsil staining PD-L1 with ab228415 at 1/500 dilution. Heat mediated antigen retrieval using Bond™ Epitope Retrieval Solution 2 (pH 9.0) for 10 mins. The section was incubated with ab228415 for 10 mins at room temperature. The secondary antibody used was ready to use Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB ab209101). Counter stained Hematoxylin. Performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument.

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) of human placenta staining PD-L1 with ab228415 at 1/500 dilution. Heat mediated antigen retrieval using Bond™ Epitope Retrieval Solution 2 (pH 9.0) for 10 mins. The section was incubated with ab228415 for 10 mins at room temperature. The secondary antibody used was ready to use Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB ab209101). Counter stained Hematoxylin. Performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument.

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) of human lung carcinoma staining PD-L1 with ab228415 at 1/500 dilution. Heat mediated antigen retrieval using Bond™ Epitope Retrieval Solution 2 (pH 9.0) for 10 mins. The section was incubated with ab228415 for 10 mins at room temperature. The secondary antibody used was ready to use Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB ab209101). Counter stained Hematoxylin. Performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND^® RX instrument.

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human placenta tissue labeling PD-L1 with ab228415 at 1/5000 dilution. The tissue was incubated with ab228415 at 4°C overnight. followed by Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB ab209101) ready to use. Membranous and cytoplasmic staining in human placenta (PMID: 12538684) is observed. Counter stained with hematoxylin.
  

  Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB ab209101).

  Antigen retrieval: Universal HIER antigen retrieval reagent (10X) (Universal HIER antigen retrieval reagent (10X) ab208572).

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  Immunoprecipitation - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  PD-L1 was immunoprecipitated from 0.35 mg of NCI-H1975 (human non-small cell lung cancer cell line) whole cell lysate with ab228415 at 1/30 dilution. Western blot was performed from the immunoprecipitate using ab228415 at 1/1,000 dilution. VeriBlot for IP Detection Reagent (HRP) (VeriBlot for IP Detection Reagent (HRP) ab131366), was used for detection at 1/5,000 dilution.
  

  Lane 1: NCI-H1975 whole cell lysate 10 μg (Input).

  Lane 2: ab228415 IP in NCI-H1975 whole cell lysate (+).

  Lane 3: Rabbit monoclonal IgG (Rabbit IgG, monoclonal [EPR25A] - Isotype Control ab172730) instead of ab228415 in NCI-H1975 whole cell lysate (-).

  Blocking/Dilution buffer: 5% NFDM/TBST.

  Exposure time: 30 seconds.

  All lanes: Immunoprecipitation - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Predicted band size: 33 kDa

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemical staining of PD-L1 in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded reference standard with negative (-), low positive (+), intermediate positive (++) and strong positive (+++) controlled protein expressing cell lines (‚CD274 (PD-L1) Expression IHC Reference Standard', catalog ID HD787, horizon) using clone 73-10 [ab228415] at a dilution of 10μg/ml. Incubate for 30 minutes at 37°C. Heat mediated antigen retrieval in sCC1 (Tris/EDTA buffer, pH 8). Signal detection with BenchMark XT from Roche/Ventana and ultraView Universal DAB Detection Kit (Code 760-500).

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemical staining of PD-L1 in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded reference standard with negative (-), low positive (+), intermediate positive (++) and strong positive (+++) controlled protein expressing cell lines (‚CD274 (PD-L1) Expression IHC Reference Standard, catalog ID HD787, horizon) using clone 73-10 [ab228415] at a dilution of 2μg/ml. Incubate for 30 minutes at room temperature. Heat mediated antigen retrieval in high pH buffer (Tris/EDTA buffer, pH 9, during 20 min at 95°C). Block sample with peroxidase blocking buffer (EnVision Flex Peroxidase-Blocking Reagent) for 5 minutes. Signal detection with Autostainer Link from Dako and EnVision Flex Kit, High pH (Code K8000).

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human tonsil tissue labeling PD-L1 with ab228415 at 1/5000 dilution. The tissue was incubated with ab228415 at 4°C overnight, followed by Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB ab209101) ready to use. Cytoplasmic and membranous staining in human tonsil is observed. Counter stained with hematoxylin.
  

  Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB ab209101).

  Antigen retrieval: Universal HIER antigen retrieval reagent (10X) (Universal HIER antigen retrieval reagent (10X) ab208572).

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human lung carcinoma tissue labeling PD-L1 with ab228415 at 1/5000 dilution. The tissue was incubated with ab228415 at 4°C overnight, followed by Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB ab209101) ready to use. Membranous and weakly cytoplasmic staining in human lung carcinoma (PMID: 23460533) is observed. Counter stained with hematoxylin.
  

  Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB ab209101).

  Antigen retrieval: Universal HIER antigen retrieval reagent (10X) (Universal HIER antigen retrieval reagent (10X) ab208572).

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  Western blot - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Blocking/Dilution buffer: 5% NFDM/TBST.

  All lanes: Western blot - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415) at 1/1000 dilution

  Lane 1: CHO-S (Chinese hamster ovary epithelial cell) at 10 µg

  Lane 2: CHO-PD-L1 (PD-L1 stably expressed Chinese hamster ovary epithelial cell) at 10 µg

  Secondary

  All lanes: Western blot - Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) ab97051) at 1/100000 dilution

  Predicted band size: 33 kDa

  Observed band size: 40-60 kDa

  Exposure time: 15s

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  Western blot - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Blocking/Dilution buffer: 5% NFDM/TBST.
  

  The molecular mass observed is consistent with what has been described in the literature (PMID: 26546452).

  All lanes: Western blot - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415) at 1/1000 dilution

  Lane 1: NCI-H1975 (human non-small cell lung cancer cell line), whole cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 2: Human placenta at 20 µg

  Lane 3: Human thymus at 20 µg

  Secondary

  All lanes: Western blot - Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) ab97051) at 1/50000 dilution

  Predicted band size: 33 kDa

  Exposure time: 70s

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Tissue Microarrays stained for "Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10]" using "ab228415"in immunohistochemical analysis. This table provides a detailed overview of positive (tick mark) and negative (cross mark) staining per sample type tested. The sections were pre-treated using Heat mediated antigen retrieval using Bond™ Epitope Retrieval Solution 2 (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes. The sections were incubated with ab228415 for 10 mins at room temperature followed by a ready to use Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB (Rabbit specific IHC polymer detection kit HRP/DAB ab209101). The immunostaining was performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument.

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  Western blot - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Western blot: Anti-CD274 antibody [73-10] (ab228415) staining at 1/1000 dilution, shown in green; Mouse anti-Alpha Tubulin [DM1A] (Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody [DM1A] - Loading Control ab7291) loading control staining at 1/20000 dilution, shown in magenta. In Western blot, ab228415 was shown to bind specifically to CD274. A band was observed at 40-60 kDa in treated wild-type A549 cell lysates with no signal observed at this size in CD274 knockout cell line Human CD274 (PD-L1) knockout A549 cell line ab267054 (knockout cell lysate Human CD274 (PD-L1) knockout A549 cell lysate ab256831). To generate this image, wild-type and CD274 knockout A549 cell lysates were analysed. First, samples were run on an SDS-PAGE gel then transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Membranes were blocked in 3 % milk in TBS-0.1 % Tween® 20 (TBS-T) before incubation with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. Blots were washed four times in TBS-T, incubated with secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature, washed again four times then imaged. Secondary antibodies used were Goat anti-Rabbit IgG H&L 800CW and Goat anti-Mouse IgG H&L 680RD at 1/20000 dilution.

  All lanes: Western blot - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415) at 1/1000 dilution

  Lane 1: Wild-type A549 Treated IFN-gamma (100 ng/mL, 48 h) cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 2: Wild-type A549 Vehicle Control IFN-gamma (0 ng/mL, 48 h) cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 3: CD274 knockout A549 Treated IFN-gamma (100 ng/mL, 48 h) cell lysate at 20 µg

  Lane 4: CD274 knockout A549 Vehicle Control IFN-gamma (0 ng/mL, 48 h) cell lysate at 20 µg

  Secondary

  All lanes: Goat anti-Rabbit IgG H&L 800CW and Goat anti-Mouse IgG H&L 680RD at 1/20000 dilution

  Performed under reducing conditions.

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemical analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tonsil labelling PD-L1 with ab228415 at a concentration of 0.1µg/ml. The immunostaining was performed on a Ventana DISCOVERY ULTRA (Roche Tissue Diagnostics) instrument with an OptiView DAB IHC Detection Kit. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was conducted for 32min with ULTRA cell conditioning solution (CC1 pH8.5). ab228415 anti PD-L1 antibody was incubated at 37°C for 16min. Sections were counterstained is with Hematoxylin II. Image inset shows absence of staining in secondary antibody only control.

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  Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-PD-L1 antibody [73-10] (ab228415)

  Immunohistochemical analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human placenta labelling PD-L1 with ab228415 at a concentration of 0.1µg/ml. The immunostaining was performed on a Ventana DISCOVERY ULTRA (Roche Tissue Diagnostics) instrument with an OptiView DAB IHC Detection Kit. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was conducted for 32min with ULTRA cell conditioning solution (CC1 pH8.5). ab228415 anti PD-L1 antibody was incubated at 37°C for 16min. Sections were counterstained with Hematoxylin II. Image inset shows absence of staining in secondary antibody only control.