Anti-PKLR antibody

Supplementary info

Activity summary

The PKLR gene encodes the pyruvate kinase liver and red blood cell enzyme also known as PK-LR. This enzyme catalyzes the last step in the glycolytic pathway converting phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate with the production of ATP. The alternative names for PKLR include R-type pyruvate kinase and L-type pyruvate kinase. The enzyme has a molecular mass of approximately 57 kDa. It is primarily expressed in the liver and red blood cells with some presence in the pancreatic islets supporting its physiological roles in these tissues.

Biological function summary

Pyruvate kinase is important for energy production by regulating glycolysis. It exists as a homo-tetramer forming a complex to execute its enzymatic activity. This complex ensures the efficient conversion of PEP facilitating the flow of carbon through the glycolytic pathway. In the liver PKLR plays a role in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis while in red blood cells it contributes directly to ATP production essential for maintaining cellular energy and function.

Pathways

The pyruvate kinase enzyme is a significant participant in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. These pathways are central to energy metabolism linking glucose breakdown with ATP generation. Pyruvate kinase interacts with enzymes like hexokinase and phosphofructokinase within the glycolytic pathway coordinating with these enzymes to regulate energy metabolism. In gluconeogenesis PKLR integrates into the mechanism ensuring the balance between energy production and storage.

Associated diseases and disorders

PKLR mutations can lead to pyruvate kinase deficiency a condition that causes hemolytic anemia. This disorder results from impaired ATP production in red blood cells causing them to break down prematurely. In liver tissues dysregulation of PKLR activity associates with cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma. This enzyme connects with proteins such as lactate dehydrogenase in cancer metabolism affecting the Warburg effect which is tangled with cancer cell survival and proliferation.