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AB315117

Anti-Toxin A + Toxin B antibody [EPR23358-169] - BSA and Azide free (Detector)

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Rabbit Recombinant Monoclonal Clostridium difficile Toxin A antibody. Carrier free. Suitable for sELISA and reacts with Clostridium difficile samples.

View Alternative Names

toxA, tcdA, Toxin A

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Sandwich ELISA - Anti-Toxin A + Toxin B antibody [EPR23358-169] - BSA and Azide free (Detector) (AB315117)
  • sELISA

Supplier Data

Sandwich ELISA - Anti-Toxin A + Toxin B antibody [EPR23358-169] - BSA and Azide free (Detector) (AB315117)

Sandwich ELISA of ab315115 with the capture antibody dilution at 2 µg/mL and detector antibody dilution at 0.5 µg/mL.

Key facts

Host species

Rabbit

Clonality

Monoclonal

Clone number

EPR23358-169

Isotype

IgG

Carrier free

Yes

Reacts with

Clostridium difficile

Applications

sELISA

applications

Immunogen

The exact immunogen used to generate this antibody is proprietary information.

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Reactivity data

{ "title": "Reactivity Data", "filters": { "stats": ["", "Species", "Dilution Info", "Notes"], "tabs": { "all-applications": {"fullname" : "All Applications", "shortname": "All Applications"}, "sELISA" : {"fullname" : "Sandwich ELISA", "shortname":"sELISA"} }, "product-promise": { "all": "all", "testedAndGuaranteed": "tested", "guaranteed": "expected", "predicted": "predicted", "notRecommended": "not-recommended" } }, "values": { "Clostridium difficile": { "sELISA-species-checked": "testedAndGuaranteed", "sELISA-species-dilution-info": "", "sELISA-species-notes": "<p></p>" } } }
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Product details

ab315117 is a BSA and Azide free antibody supplied in an unconjugated format and it is suitable for sandwich ELISAs to quantify Clostridioides difficile Toxin A + Toxin B. The recommended pair for sandwich ELISA is:

Capture: ab315116, Toxin A + Toxin B Capture Antibody (unconjugated)

Detector: ab315117, Toxin A + Toxin B Detector Antibody (unconjugated)

The reference range value is 0.12-15 ng/mL.

The recommended antibody orientation is based on internal optimization for ELISA based assays. Antibody orientation is assay dependent and needs to be optimized for each assay type. Please note that the range provided for this antibody is only an estimation based on the performance of the product using the recommended antibody pair. Performance of the antibody pair will depend on the specific characteristics of your assay. We guarantee the product works in sandwich ELISA, but we do not guarantee the sensitivity or dynamic range of the antibody in your assay.

Our carrier-free formats are supplied in a buffer free of BSA, sodium azide and glycerol for higher conjugation efficiency. The antibodies are provided at an approximate concentration of 1 mg/ml as measured by the protein A280 method. Use our conjugation kits for antibody conjugates that are ready-to-use in as little as 20 minutes with <1 minute hands-on-time and 100% antibody recovery: available for fluorescent dyes, HRP, biotin and gold.

Sandwich ELISA
The recommended antibody orientation is based on internal optimization for ELISA-based assays. Antibody orientation is assay dependent and needs to be optimized for each assay type. Please note that the range provided for this antibody is only an estimation based on the performance of the product using the recommended antibody pair. Performance of the antibody pair will depend on the specific characteristics of your assay. We guarantee the product works in sandwich ELISA, but we do not guarantee the sensitivity or dynamic range of the antibody in your assay.

Patented technology
Our RabMAb® technology is a patented hybridoma-based technology for making rabbit monoclonal antibodies. For details on our patents, please refer to RabMAb® patents.

What are the advantages of a recombinant monoclonal antibody?
This product is a recombinant monoclonal antibody, which offers several advantages including:

  • - High batch-to-batch consistency and reproducibility
  • - Improved sensitivity and specificity
  • - Long-term security of supply
  • - Animal-free batch production

For more information, read more on recombinant antibodies.

Conjugation ready
Our carrier-free antibodies are typically supplied in a PBS-only formulation, purified and free of BSA, sodium azide and glycerol. This conjugation-ready format is designed for use with fluorochromes, metal isotopes, oligonucleotides, and enzymes, which makes them ideal for antibody labelling, functional and cell-based assays, flow-based assays (e.g. mass cytometry) and Multiplex Imaging applications.

Use our conjugation kits for antibody conjugates that are ready-to-use in as little as 20 minutes with 1 minute hands-on-time and 100% antibody recovery: available for fluorescent dyes, HRP, biotin and gold.

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Properties and storage information

Form
Liquid
Purification technique
Affinity purification Protein A
Storage buffer
pH: 7.2 - 7.4 Constituents: PBS
Shipped at conditions
Blue Ice
Appropriate short-term storage conditions
+4°C
Appropriate long-term storage conditions
+4°C
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Supplementary information

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B often referred to as the major virulence factors of C. diff are exotoxins with significant impact in infections. These toxins are large proteins with a mass of approximately 308 kDa for Toxin A and 270 kDa for Toxin B. Expressed in the gut environment after germination of C. difficile spores these toxins alter the normal function of intestinal epithelial cells. As glycosylating toxins they disrupt actin cytoskeleton by modifying Rho GTPases which play a critical role in maintaining cellular structure.
Biological function summary

The effects of Toxins A and B result in cytotoxicity and inflammation of the intestinal lining. These toxins are not part of a larger protein complex but function individually to cause cellular damage and trigger strong inflammatory responses. They induce secretion of cytokines which further contributes to inflammation and disrupts tight junctions causing fluid release into the intestinal lumen. This interaction leads to symptoms such as diarrhea and colitis associated with C. diff infection.

Pathways

Toxins A and B influence several regulatory mechanisms in host cells. They are largely involved in the MAPK signaling pathway and disruption of these pathways results in cellular apoptosis. These toxins heavily affect actin cytoskeleton pathways due to their action on Rho GTPases related proteins like Rac1 and Cdc42 leading to loss of cell structure and function. Through these pathways the toxins cause extensive tissue damage paving the way for further bacterial colonization.

Toxins A and B are linked to antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. The damage caused by these toxins plays a significant role in the etiology of these conditions often resulting after disruption of normal gut flora by antibiotics. In the context of immune response these toxins interact with proteins such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) which mediates inflammatory signaling further aggravating C. diff-related diseases. By understanding these toxins researchers aim to develop effective treatments for C. diff infections.
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Product protocols

For this product, it's our understanding that no specific protocols are required. You can visit:
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Target data

Toxin A. Precursor of a cytotoxin that targets and disrupts the colonic epithelium, inducing the host inflammatory and innate immune responses and resulting in diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis (PubMed : 20844489). TcdA and TcdB constitute the main toxins that mediate the pathology of C.difficile infection, an opportunistic pathogen that colonizes the colon when the normal gut microbiome is disrupted (PubMed : 19252482, PubMed : 20844489). Compared to TcdB, TcdA is less virulent and less important for inducing the host inflammatory and innate immune responses (PubMed : 19252482). This form constitutes the precursor of the toxin : it enters into host cells and mediates autoprocessing to release the active toxin (Glucosyltransferase TcdA) into the host cytosol (By similarity). Targets colonic epithelia by binding to some receptor, and enters host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (By similarity). Binding to LDLR, as well as carbohydrates and sulfated glycosaminoglycans on host cell surface contribute to entry into cells (PubMed : 16622409, PubMed : 1670930, PubMed : 31160825). In contrast to TcdB, Frizzled receptors FZD1, FZD2 and FZD7 do not act as host receptors in the colonic epithelium for TcdA (PubMed : 27680706). Once entered into host cells, acidification in the endosome promotes the membrane insertion of the translocation region and formation of a pore, leading to translocation of the GT44 and peptidase C80 domains across the endosomal membrane (By similarity). This activates the peptidase C80 domain and autocatalytic processing, releasing the N-terminal part (Glucosyltransferase TcdA), which constitutes the active part of the toxin, in the cytosol (PubMed : 17334356, PubMed : 19553670, PubMed : 27571750).. Glucosyltransferase TcdA. Active form of the toxin, which is released into the host cytosol following autoprocessing and inactivates small GTPases (PubMed : 22267739, PubMed : 22747490, PubMed : 24905543, PubMed : 30622517, PubMed : 7775453). Acts by mediating monoglucosylation of small GTPases of the Rho family (Rac1, RhoA, RhoB, RhoC, Rap2A and Cdc42) in host cells at the conserved threonine residue located in the switch I region ('Thr-37/35'), using UDP-alpha-D-glucose as the sugar donor (PubMed : 22267739, PubMed : 22747490, PubMed : 24905543, PubMed : 30622517, PubMed : 7775453). Monoglucosylation of host small GTPases completely prevents the recognition of the downstream effector, blocking the GTPases in their inactive form, leading to actin cytoskeleton disruption and cell death, resulting in the loss of colonic epithelial barrier function (PubMed : 7775453). Also able to catalyze monoglucosylation of some members of the Ras family (H-Ras/HRAS, K-Ras/KRAS and N-Ras/NRAS), but with much less efficiency than with Rho proteins, suggesting that it does not act on Ras proteins in vivo (PubMed : 30622517).
See full target information tcdA

Additional targets

tcdB
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