Anti-TPN antibody [5D3]

Supplementary info

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Activity summary

TPN also known as Thyroid Peroxidase is an enzyme critical for thyroid hormone synthesis. The protein has a molecular weight of approximately 105 kDa. It is mainly expressed in the thyroid gland where it facilitates iodine organification a critical step in the production of thyroid hormones. TPN is a membrane-bound glycoprotein localized in the apical membrane of thyrocytes allowing it to participate directly in hormone production.

Biological function summary

The enzyme TPN operates at the interface of thyroglobulin and iodide catalyzing the iodination of tyrosine residues within thyroglobulin. This process facilitated by TPN is key to the synthesis of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) the main thyroid hormones. TPN functions within a larger complex involving hydrogen peroxide and cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) which together drive efficient hormone biosynthesis. Therefore any disruption in TPN activity can affect the availability of thyroid hormones.

Pathways

TPN’s activity properly integrates into the thyroid hormone synthesis pathway and iodine metabolism. This pathway oversees the production and regulation of critical hormones that influence metabolism growth and development. The pathway involves various proteins including thyroglobulin which serves as a substrate for TPN's enzymatic action. Another related protein is thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) which regulates TPN activity through iodine uptake and hormone production in thyrocytes.

Associated diseases and disorders

TPN holds significant connections to conditions such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis the immune system mistakenly creates autoantibodies against TPN leading to reduced hormone synthesis and hypothyroidism. Similarly TPN is a major antigen in Graves' disease where stimulating antibodies result in overproduction of hormones contributing to hyperthyroidism. In both disorders TPN's interaction with thyroglobulin and the immune response highlights its critical role in thyroid gland dysfunction.