Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 rabbit polyclonal antibody that is used to detect VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 in Western blot, IHC, ICC/IF. Suitable for Human, Mouse, Rat, Cow and other species.
- Trusted by researchers since 2005
- Cited in over 395 publications
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- Nature communications 14:81772023Harnessing PROTAC technology to combat stress hormone receptor activation.Applications:Unspecified applicationReactive species:Unspecified reactive speciesMahshid Gazorpak,Karina M Hugentobler,Dominique Paul,Pierre-Luc Germain,Miriam Kretschmer,Iryna Ivanova,Selina Frei,Kei Mathis,Remo Rudolf,Sergio Mompart Barrenechea,Vincent Fischer,Xiaohan Xue,Aleksandra L Ptaszek,Julian Holzinger,Mattia Privitera,Andreas Hierlemann,Onno C Meijer,Robert Konrat,Erick M Carreira,Johannes Bohacek,Katharina GappPubMed 38071198
- International journal of molecular sciences 24:2023Protective Effect of Uridine on Structural and Functional Rearrangements in Heart Mitochondria after a High-Dose Isoprenaline Exposure Modelling Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Rats.Applications:Unspecified applicationReactive species:Unspecified reactive speciesNatalia V Belosludtseva,Lubov L Pavlik,Irina B Mikheeva,Eugeny Yu Talanov,Dmitriy A Serov,Dmitriy A Khurtin,Konstantin N Belosludtsev,Galina D MironovaPubMed 38139129
- Frontiers in genetics 14:12785722023Prominent muscle involvement in a familial form of mitochondrial disease due to a variant.Applications:Unspecified applicationReactive species:Unspecified reactive speciesMartina Rimoldi,Francesca Magri,Sara Antognozzi,Michela Ripolone,Sabrina Salani,Daniela Piga,Letizia Bertolasi,Simona Zanotti,Patrizia Ciscato,Francesco Fortunato,Maurizio Moggio,Stefania Corti,Giacomo Pietro Comi,Dario RonchiPubMed 38098475
- International journal of molecular sciences 24:2023Melatonin Exerts Prominent, Differential Epidermal and Dermal Anti-Aging Properties in Aged Human Eyelid Skin Ex Vivo.Applications:Unspecified applicationReactive species:Unspecified reactive speciesTara Samra,Tatiana Gomez-Gomez,Kinga Linowiecka,Aysun Akhundlu,Gabriella Lopez de Mendoza,Matthew Gompels,Wendy W Lee,Jennifer Gherardini,Jérémy Chéret,Ralf PausPubMed 37958946
- Neuropharmacology 241:1097302023Impact of physical activity on brain oxidative metabolism and intrinsic capacities in young swiss mice fed a high fat diet.Applications:WBReactive species:MouseClémence Viguier,Sébastien Bullich,Marlene Botella,Laure Fasseu,Amélie Alfonso,Khaoula Rekik,Sébastien Gauzin,Bruno P Guiard,Noélie DavezacPubMed 37758019
- International journal of molecular sciences 24:2023Renal Endocannabinoid Dysregulation in Obesity-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Humans.Applications:Unspecified applicationReactive species:Unspecified reactive speciesAnna Permyakova,Ariel Rothner,Sarah Knapp,Alina Nemirovski,Danny Ben-Zvi,Joseph TamPubMed 37686443
- Nature communications 14:48292023MTH1 protects platelet mitochondria from oxidative damage and regulates platelet function and thrombosis.Applications:Unspecified applicationReactive species:Unspecified reactive speciesYangyang Ding,Xiang Gui,Xiang Chu,Yueyue Sun,Sixuan Zhang,Huan Tong,Wen Ju,Yue Li,Zengtian Sun,Mengdi Xu,Zhenyu Li,Robert K Andrews,Elizabeth E Gardiner,Lingyu Zeng,Kailin Xu,Jianlin QiaoPubMed 37563135
- Metabolites 13:2023Triple Therapy with Metformin, Ketogenic Diet, and Metronomic Cyclophosphamide Reduced Tumor Growth in MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma Xenografts.Applications:Unspecified applicationReactive species:Unspecified reactive speciesLuca Catalano,Sepideh Aminzadeh-Gohari,Daniela D Weber,Rodolphe Poupardin,Victoria E Stefan,William J Smiles,Julia Tevini,René G Feichtinger,Sophia Derdak,Martin Bilban,Stefan Bareswill,Markus M Heimesaat,Barbara KoflerPubMed 37623854
- Frontiers in pharmacology 14:12206202023PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone recovers mitochondrial quality control in fibroblasts from -deficient patients.Applications:Unspecified applicationReactive species:Unspecified reactive speciesAlessia Di Donfrancesco,Christian Berlingieri,Marta Giacomello,Chiara Frascarelli,Ana Paula Magalhaes Rebelo,Laurence A Bindoff,Segel Reeval,Paul Renbaum,Filippo M Santorelli,Giulia Massaro,Carlo Viscomi,Massimo Zeviani,Daniele Ghezzi,Emanuela Bottani,Dario BrunettiPubMed 37576821
- Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 12:2023Pharmacological and Genetic Suppression of VDAC1 Alleviates the Development of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Endothelial and Fibroblast Cell Cultures upon Hyperglycemic Conditions.Applications:Unspecified applicationReactive species:Unspecified reactive speciesKonstantin N Belosludtsev,Dmitriy A Serov,Anna I Ilzorkina,Vlada S Starinets,Mikhail V Dubinin,Eugeny Yu Talanov,Maxim N Karagyaur,Alexandra L Primak,Natalia V BelosludtsevaPubMed 37507997
Key facts
- Isotype
- IgG
- Host species
- Rabbit
- Storage buffer
pH: 7.4
Preservative: 0.02% Sodium azide
Constituents: 98.98% PBS, 1% BSA- Form
- Liquid
- Clonality
- Polyclonal
Immunogen
- The exact immunogen used to generate this antibody is proprietary information.
Consider this alternative
Reactivity data
Select an application| WB | IHC-P | ICC/IF | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human | Tested | Tested | Tested |
| Mouse | Tested | Expected | Expected |
| Rat | Tested | Expected | Expected |
| Chicken | Tested | Expected | Expected |
| Chinese hamster | Tested | Expected | Expected |
| Cow | Tested | Expected | Expected |
| Dog | Tested | Expected | Expected |
| Pig | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted |
| Rabbit | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted |
| Zebrafish | Predicted | Predicted | Predicted |
WB
TestedTested
| Species | Dilution info | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Species Mouse | Dilution info 1 µg/mL | Notes Abcam recommends using BSA as the blocking agent. |
Species Rat | Dilution info 1 µg/mL | Notes Abcam recommends using BSA as the blocking agent. |
Species Chicken | Dilution info 1 µg/mL | Notes Abcam recommends using BSA as the blocking agent. |
Species Human | Dilution info 1 µg/mL | Notes Abcam recommends using BSA as the blocking agent. |
Species Dog | Dilution info 1 µg/mL | Notes Abcam recommends using BSA as the blocking agent. |
Species Cow | Dilution info 1 µg/mL | Notes Abcam recommends using BSA as the blocking agent. |
Species Chinese hamster | Dilution info 1 µg/mL | Notes Abcam recommends using BSA as the blocking agent. |
PredictedPredicted
| Species | Dilution info | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Species Rabbit, Pig, Zebrafish | Dilution info - | Notes - |
IHC-P
TestedTested
| Species | Dilution info | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Species Human | Dilution info 0.1 µg/mL | Notes - |
ExpectedExpected
| Species | Dilution info | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Species Mouse, Rat, Chicken, Dog, Cow, Chinese hamster | Dilution info Use at an assay dependent concentration. | Notes - |
PredictedPredicted
| Species | Dilution info | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Species Rabbit, Pig, Zebrafish | Dilution info - | Notes - |
ICC/IF
TestedTested
| Species | Dilution info | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Species Human | Dilution info 5 µg/mL | Notes - |
ExpectedExpected
| Species | Dilution info | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Species Mouse, Rat, Chicken, Dog, Cow, Chinese hamster | Dilution info Use at an assay dependent concentration. | Notes - |
PredictedPredicted
| Species | Dilution info | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Species Rabbit, Pig, Zebrafish | Dilution info - | Notes - |
Associated Products
Select an associated product type
3 products for Alternative Product
Target data
Function
Non-selective voltage-gated ion channel that mediates the transport of anions and cations through the mitochondrion outer membrane and plasma membrane (PubMed:10661876, PubMed:11845315, PubMed:18755977, PubMed:30061676, PubMed:8420959). The channel at the outer mitochondrial membrane allows diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules; in the plasma membrane it is involved in cell volume regulation and apoptosis (PubMed:10661876, PubMed:11845315, PubMed:18755977, PubMed:8420959). It adopts an open conformation at low or zero membrane potential and a closed conformation at potentials above 30-40 mV (PubMed:10661876, PubMed:18755977, PubMed:8420959). The open state has a weak anion selectivity whereas the closed state is cation-selective (PubMed:18755977, PubMed:8420959). Binds various signaling molecules, including the sphingolipid ceramide, the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine, and the sterols cholesterol and oxysterol (PubMed:18755977, PubMed:31015432). In depolarized mitochondria, acts downstream of PRKN and PINK1 to promote mitophagy or prevent apoptosis; polyubiquitination by PRKN promotes mitophagy, while monoubiquitination by PRKN decreases mitochondrial calcium influx which ultimately inhibits apoptosis (PubMed:32047033). May participate in the formation of the permeability transition pore complex (PTPC) responsible for the release of mitochondrial products that triggers apoptosis (PubMed:15033708, PubMed:25296756). May mediate ATP export from cells (PubMed:30061676). Part of a complex composed of HSPA9, ITPR1 and VDAC1 that regulates mitochondrial calcium-dependent apoptosis by facilitating calcium transport from the ER lumen to the mitochondria intermembrane space thus providing calcium for the downstream calcium channel MCU that directly releases it into mitochondria matrix (By similarity). Mediates cytochrome c efflux (PubMed:20230784). Catalyzes the scrambling of phospholipids across the outer mitochondrial membrane; the mechanism is unrelated to channel activity and is capable of translocating both anionic and zwitterionic phospholipids.
Additional Targets
Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2, VDAC3
Alternative names
VDAC, VDAC1, Non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC1, Outer mitochondrial membrane protein porin 1, Plasmalemmal porin, Porin 31HL, Porin 31HM, Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1, VDAC-1, hVDAC1
Recommended products
Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 rabbit polyclonal antibody that is used to detect VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 in Western blot, IHC, ICC/IF. Suitable for Human, Mouse, Rat, Cow and other species.
- Trusted by researchers since 2005
- Cited in over 395 publications
Key facts
- Isotype
- IgG
- Host species
- Rabbit
- Storage buffer
pH: 7.4
Preservative: 0.02% Sodium azide
Constituents: 98.98% PBS, 1% BSA- Form
- Liquid
- Clonality
- Polyclonal
- Immunogen
- The exact immunogen used to generate this antibody is proprietary information.
- Purification technique
- Affinity purification Immunogen
- Specificity
This antibody detects VDAC1, VDAC2 and VDAC3.
- Concentration
Storage
- Shipped at conditions
- Blue Ice
- Appropriate short-term storage duration
- 1-2 weeks
- Appropriate short-term storage conditions
- +4°C
- Appropriate long-term storage conditions
- -20°C
- Aliquoting information
- Upon delivery aliquot
- Storage information
- Avoid freeze / thaw cycle
Notes
Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895) is a rabbit polyclonal antibody and is validated for use in ICC/IF, IHC-P, WB in human, mouse, rat samples.
Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895) has been cited over 398 times in peer reviewed journals and is trusted by the scientific community.
Abcam's high quality validation processes ensure Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895) has high sensitivity and specificity.
Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895) has 33 independent reviews from customers.
Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895) specifically detects VDAC1/Porin; VDAC2; VCAD3 (UniProt ID: P21796; Molecular weight: 31kDa) and is sold in 100 µg and 250 µg selling sizes.
Abcam is leading the way to address reproducibility in scientific research with our highly validated recombinant monoclonal and recombinant multiclonal antibodies. Search & select one of Abcam's thousands of recombinant alternatives to eliminate batch-variability and unnecessary animal use.
If you do not find a host species to meet your needs, our catalogue and custom Chimeric range provides scientists the specificity of Abcam's RabMAbs in the species backbone of your choice. Remember to also review our range of edited cell lines, proteins and biochemicals relevant to your target that may help you further your research goals.
Abcam antibodies are extensively validated in a wide range of species and applications, so please check the reagent specifications meet your scientific needs before purchasing. If you have any questions or bespoke requirements, simply visit the Contact Us page to send us an inquiry or contact our Support Team ahead of purchase.
Supplementary info
- This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.
- Activity summary
The VDAC family also known as porins includes the isoforms VDAC1 VDAC2 and VDAC3. These proteins are integral components of the outer mitochondrial membrane and play key roles in cellular metabolism and energy production. VDAC1 the most studied isoform has a molecular mass of approximately 31 kDa. These proteins facilitate the transfer of metabolites ions and ATP between the mitochondria and the cytoplasm therefore regulating mitochondrial function. They are expressed in various tissues throughout the body reflecting their fundamental role in cellular functions.
- Biological function summary
VDAC proteins serve as gatekeepers for mitochondrial channels controlling the passage of molecules into and out of mitochondria. They are part of a large complex that includes proteins like hexokinase creatine kinase and components of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. VDACs significantly influence apoptosis by participating in the release of cytochrome c a critical step in the apoptotic pathway. Their function affects cellular survival energy balance and metabolism.
- Pathways
The VDAC proteins are closely associated with energy metabolism and apoptotic pathways. They interact with the electron transport chain and glycolysis by regulating substrate flow and maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential. VDACs also link to Bcl-2 family proteins which modulate apoptosis. Their role in maintaining cellular homeostasis emphasizes their importance in cellular life-and-death decisions impacting vital processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis.
- Associated diseases and disorders
Alterations in VDAC function have been linked to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In cancer increased VDAC expression is often associated with enhanced glycolysis and tumor growth. VDACs regulate interactions with proteins like hexokinase which promotes cancer cell survival. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s dysfunctional VDAC activity can lead to impaired mitochondrial function and increased oxidative stress. These changes involve interactions with proteins like tau and amyloid-beta contributing to disease pathology.
Product promise
Tested
We have tested this species and application combination and it works. It is covered by our product promise.
Expected
We have not tested this specific species and application combination in-house, but expect it will work. It is covered by our product promise.
Predicted
This species and application combination has not been tested, but we predict it will work based on strong homology. However, this combination is not covered by our product promise.
Not recommended
We do not recommend this combination. It is not covered by our product promise.
We are dedicated to supporting your work with high quality reagents and we are here for you every step of the way should you need us.
In the unlikely event of one of our products not working as expected, you are covered by our product promise.
Full details and terms and conditions can be found here:
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7 product images
Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895)
IHC image of VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 staining in a section of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded normal human heart performed on a Leica Biosystems BOND® RX instrument. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH6, epitope retrieval solution 1) for 20mins. The section was then incubated with ab15895, 0.1 μg/ml, for 15 mins at room temperature and detected using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. The section was then counterstained with haematoxylin and mounted with DPX. The inset secondary-only control image is taken from an identical assay without primary antibody.
For other IHC staining systems (automated and non-automated) customers should optimize variable parameters such as antigen retrieval conditions, primary antibody concentration and antibody incubation times.
Tissue obtained from the Human Research Tissue Bank, supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.
Western blot - Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895)
All lanes: Western blot - Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895) at 1 µg/mL
Lane 1: Hela Nuclear lysate at 20 µg
Lane 2: Hela cell lysate at 20 µg
Lane 3: A431 cell lysate at 20 µg
Lane 4: Jurkat cell lysate at 20 µg
Lane 5: HEK293 cell lysate at 20 µg
Lane 6: Hela Nuclear lysate at 20 µg with Human VDAC1/Porin peptide (ab16131)
Lane 7: Hela cell lysate at 20 µg with Human VDAC1/Porin peptide (ab16131)
Lane 8: A431 cell lysate at 20 µg with Human VDAC1/Porin peptide (ab16131)
Lane 9: Jurkat cell lysate at 20 µg with Human VDAC1/Porin peptide (ab16131)
Lane 10: HEK293 cell lysate at 20 µg with Human VDAC1/Porin peptide (ab16131)
SecondaryAll lanes: Western blot - Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) ab6721) at 1/5000 dilution
Developed using the ECL technique.
Performed under reducing conditions.
Predicted band size: 31 kDa
Observed band size: 31 kDa
Western blot - Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895)
All lanes: Western blot - Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895) at 1 µg/mL
Lane 1: Heart (Mouse) Tissue Lysate at 10 µg
Lane 2: Kidney (Mouse) Tissue Lysate at 10 µg
Lane 3: Western blot - Mouse skeletal muscle tissue lysate - total protein (Mouse skeletal muscle tissue lysate - total protein ab29711) at 10 µg
Lane 4: Spinal Cord (Mouse) Tissue Lysate at 10 µg
Lane 5: PC12 (Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line) Whole Cell Lysate at 10 µg
Lane 6: Brain (Rat) Tissue Lysate - normal tissue at 10 µg
Lane 7: Kidney (Rat) Whole Cell Lysate - normal tissue (ab29480) at 10 µg
SecondaryAll lanes: IRDye 680 Conjugated Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1/10000 dilution
Performed under reducing conditions.
Predicted band size: 31 kDa
Observed band size: 31 kDa
Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895)
ab15895 staining VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 in HeLa cells. The cells were fixed with 100% methanol (5 min), permeabilized with 0.1% PBS-Triton X-100 for 5 minutes and then blocked with 1% BSA/10% normal goat serum/0.3M glycine in 0.1% PBS-Tween for 1h. The cells were then incubated overnight at 4°C with ab15895 at 5µg/ml and Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody [DM1A] - Loading Control ab7291, Mouse monoclonal [DM1A] to alpha Tubulin - Loading Control. Cells were then incubated with Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) preadsorbed ab150081, Goat polyclonal Secondary Antibody to Rabbit IgG - H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488), pre-adsorbed at 1/1000 dilution (shown in green) and Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 594) preadsorbed ab150120, Goat polyclonal Secondary Antibody to Mouse IgG - H&L (Alexa Fluor® 594), pre-adsorbed at 1/1000 dilution (shown in pseudocolour red). Nuclear DNA was labelled with DAPI (shown in blue).
Image was acquired with a high-content analyser (Operetta CLS, Perkin Elmer) and a maximum intensity projection of confocal sections is shown.
Western blot - Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895)
All lanes: Western blot - Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895) at 1 µg/mL
Lane 1: Chicken liver cell lysate at 20 µg
Lane 2: CHO K1 cell lysate at 20 µg
Lane 3: MDCK cell lysate at 20 µg
Lane 4: Chicken liver cell lysate at 20 µg with Human VDAC1/Porin peptide (ab16131)
Lane 5: CHO K1 cell lysate at 20 µg with Human VDAC1/Porin peptide (ab16131)
Lane 6: MDCK cell lysate at 20 µg with Human VDAC1/Porin peptide (ab16131)
SecondaryAll lanes: Alexa fluor goat polyclonal anti-Rabbit IgG at 1/10000 dilution
Developed using the ECL technique.
Performed under reducing conditions.
Predicted band size: 31 kDa
Observed band size: 31 kDa
Western blot - Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895)
Western blot image using the Optiblot Reducing Electrophoresis Kit - 10 x 10 cm (4-20%) (ab119220) with the
Prism Ultra Protein Ladder (Prestained Protein Ladder - Broad molecular weight (10 - 245 kDa) ab116028) 5μl used. We recommend using our ECL substrate kit (ECL Western Blotting Substrate Kit ab65623) .
20ug of Lysate per lane and detection using ab15895 diluted to 1ug/ml.
Lane 1: HeLa cell lysate
Lane 2: Jurkat cell lysate
Lane 3: A431 cell lysate
Lane 4: HEK293 cell lysate
Lane 5: HepG2 cell lysate.All lanes: Western blot - Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895)
Developed using the ECL technique.
Performed under reducing conditions.
Predicted band size: 31 kDa
Exposure time: 3min
Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody – Mitochondrial Loading Control (ab15895)
VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) staining of Human heart tissue using rabbit Anti-VDAC1/Porin + VDAC2 + VDAC3 antibody
Immunohistochemical analysis of formalin fixed paraffin embedded human heart labelling VDAC1/Porin with ab15895 at a concentration of 0.1µg/ml. The immunostaining was performed on a Ventana DISCOVERY ULTRA (Roche Tissue Diagnostics) instrument with a OptiView DAB IHC Detection Kit. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed with DISCOVERY cell conditioning solution (CC1) 100°C, pH8.5 for 32mins.
ab15895 Anti-VDAC1/Porin antibody was incubated for 16mins at 37°C. Sections were counterstained with Hematoxylin II. Image inset shows absence of staining in secondary antibody only control.
Customers are encouraged to optimise antigen retrieval conditions, antibody concentration, incubation times and temperature for best results in their own IHC assay workflow (automated and manual)
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