Human Histone H4 peptide

Specifications

Form

Liquid

General info

Function

Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.

Sequence similarities

Belongs to the histone H4 family.

Post-translational modifications

Acetylation at Lys-6 (H4K5ac), Lys-9 (H4K8ac), Lys-13 (H4K12ac) and Lys-17 (H4K16ac) occurs in coding regions of the genome but not in heterochromatin.. Citrullination at Arg-4 (H4R3ci) by PADI4 impairs methylation.. Monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-4 (H4R3me1 and H4R3me2a, respectively) by PRMT1 favors acetylation at Lys-9 (H4K8ac) and Lys-13 (H4K12ac). Demethylation is performed by JMJD6. Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 (H4R3me2s) by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.. Monomethylated, dimethylated or trimethylated at Lys-21 (H4K20me1, H4K20me2, H4K20me3) (PubMed:12086618, PubMed:15964846, PubMed:17967882). Monomethylation is performed by KMT5A/SET8 (PubMed:15964846). Dimethylation and trimethylation is performed by KMT5B and KMT5C and induces gene silencing (By similarity). Monomethylated at Lys-13 (H4K12me1) by N6AMT1; H4K12me1 modification is present at the promoters of numerous genes encoding cell cycle regulators (PubMed:31061526).. Acetyl-methylated at Lys-6 and Lys-13 (H4K5acme and H4K12acme, respectively), acetyl-methylation is an epigenetic mark of active chromatin associated with increased transcriptional initiation (PubMed:37731000). Acetyl-methylation is formed by acetylation by EP300/p300 of lysine residues that are already monomethylated on the same side chain (PubMed:37731000). H4K5acme and H4K12acme marks specifically bind BRD2 (PubMed:37731000).. Phosphorylated by PAK2 at Ser-48 (H4S47ph). This phosphorylation increases the association of H3.3-H4 with the histone chaperone HIRA, thus promoting nucleosome assembly of H3.3-H4 and inhibiting nucleosome assembly of H3.1-H4.. Ubiquitinated by the CUL4-DDB-RBX1 complex in response to ultraviolet irradiation. This may weaken the interaction between histones and DNA and facilitate DNA accessibility to repair proteins. Monoubiquitinated at Lys-92 of histone H4 (H4K91ub1) in response to DNA damage. The exact role of H4K91ub1 in DNA damage response is still unclear but it may function as a licensing signal for additional histone H4 post-translational modifications such as H4 Lys-21 methylation (H4K20me).. Ufmylated; monofmylated by UFL1 at Lys-32 (H4K31Ufm1) in response to DNA damage.. Sumoylated, which is associated with transcriptional repression.. Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.. Butyrylation of histones marks active promoters and competes with histone acetylation.. Glutarylation at Lys-92 (H4K91glu) destabilizes nucleosomes by promoting dissociation of the H2A-H2B dimers from nucleosomes.. Lactylated in macrophages by EP300/P300 by using lactoyl-CoA directly derived from endogenous or exogenous lactate, leading to stimulates gene transcription (PubMed:31645732). Delactylated by SIRT3 at Lys-17 (H4K16la) (PubMed:37720100).

Subcellular localisation

Nucleus