Recombinant Human GSDMD protein

Specifications

Form

Liquid

Additional notes

Glutathione Sepharose 4 Fast Flow

General info

Function

Gasdermin-D. Precursor of a pore-forming protein that plays a key role in host defense against pathogen infection and danger signals (PubMed : 26375003, PubMed : 26375259, PubMed : 27281216). This form constitutes the precursor of the pore-forming protein : upon cleavage, the released N-terminal moiety (Gasdermin-D, N-terminal) binds to membranes and forms pores, triggering pyroptosis (PubMed : 26375003, PubMed : 26375259, PubMed : 27281216).. Gasdermin-D, N-terminal. Promotes pyroptosis in response to microbial infection and danger signals (PubMed : 26375003, PubMed : 26375259, PubMed : 27418190, PubMed : 28392147, PubMed : 32820063, PubMed : 34289345, PubMed : 38040708, PubMed : 38530158, PubMed : 38599239). Produced by the cleavage of gasdermin-D by inflammatory caspases CASP1, CASP4 or CASP5 in response to canonical, as well as non-canonical (such as cytosolic LPS) inflammasome activators (PubMed : 26375003, PubMed : 26375259, PubMed : 27418190). After cleavage, moves to the plasma membrane where it strongly binds to inner leaflet lipids, including monophosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, bisphosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, as well as phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-bisphosphate, and more weakly to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine (PubMed : 27281216, PubMed : 29898893, PubMed : 36227980). Homooligomerizes within the membrane and forms pores of 10-15 nanometers (nm) of inner diameter, allowing the release of mature interleukin-1 (IL1B and IL18) and triggering pyroptosis (PubMed : 27281216, PubMed : 27418190, PubMed : 29898893, PubMed : 33883744, PubMed : 38040708, PubMed : 38530158, PubMed : 38599239). Gasdermin pores also allow the release of mature caspase-7 (CASP7) (By similarity). In some, but not all, cells types, pyroptosis is followed by pyroptotic cell death, which is caused by downstream activation of ninjurin-1 (NINJ1), which mediates membrane rupture (cytolysis) (PubMed : 33472215, PubMed : 37198476). Also forms pores in the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol (By similarity). Gasdermin-D, N-terminal released from pyroptotic cells into the extracellular milieu rapidly binds to and kills both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, without harming neighboring mammalian cells, as it does not disrupt the plasma membrane from the outside due to lipid-binding specificity (PubMed : 27281216). Under cell culture conditions, also active against intracellular bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes (By similarity). Also active in response to MAP3K7/TAK1 inactivation by Yersinia toxin YopJ, which triggers cleavage by CASP8 and subsequent activation (By similarity). Required for mucosal tissue defense against enteric pathogens (By similarity). Activation of the non-canonical inflammasome in brain endothelial cells can lead to excessive pyroptosis, leading to blood-brain barrier breakdown (By similarity). Strongly binds to bacterial and mitochondrial lipids, including cardiolipin (PubMed : 27281216). Does not bind to unphosphorylated phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine nor phosphatidylcholine (PubMed : 27281216).. Gasdermin-D, p13. Transcription coactivator produced by the cleavage by CASP3 or CASP7 in the upper small intestine in response to dietary antigens (By similarity). Required to maintain food tolerance in small intestine : translocates to the nucleus and acts as a coactivator for STAT1 to induce the transcription of CIITA and MHC class II molecules, which in turn induce type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells in upper small intestine (By similarity).. Gasdermin-D, p40. Produced by the cleavage by papain allergen (PubMed : 35794369). After cleavage, moves to the plasma membrane and homooligomerizes within the membrane and forms pores of 10-15 nanometers (nm) of inner diameter, allowing the specific release of mature interleukin-33 (IL33), promoting type 2 inflammatory immune response (PubMed : 35794369).

Sequence similarities

Belongs to the gasdermin family.

Post-translational modifications

Cleavage at Asp-275 by CASP1 (mature and uncleaved precursor forms), CASP4, CASP5 or CASP8 relieves autoinhibition and is sufficient to initiate pyroptosis (PubMed:26375003, PubMed:29898893, PubMed:32109412). Cleavage by CASP1 and CASP4 is not strictly dependent on the consensus cleavage site on GSDMD but depends on an exosite interface on CASP1 that recognizes and binds the Gasdermin-D, C-terminal (GSDMD-CT) part (PubMed:32109412). Cleavage by CASP8 takes place following inactivation of MAP3K7/TAK1 by Yersinia toxin YopJ (By similarity). Cleavage at Asp-87 by CASP3 or CASP7 inactivates the ability to mediate pyroptosis, but generates the Gasdermin-D, p13 chain, which translocates to the nucleus and acts as a transcription regulator (PubMed:28045099, PubMed:28392147, PubMed:37327784). Cleavage by papain allergen generates the Gasdermin-D, p40 chain (PubMed:35794369).. Gasdermin-D. Palmitoylated at Cys-191 by ZDHHC5 and ZDHHC9 in response to microbial infection and danger signals (PubMed:38324683, PubMed:38530158, PubMed:38599239). Palmitoylation takes place before cleavage by caspases (CASP1, CASP4, CASP5 or CASP8) and is required for membrane translocation and pore formation (PubMed:38324683, PubMed:38530158, PubMed:38599239). Depalmitoylated by LYPLA2 (By similarity).. Gasdermin-D. Succination of Cys-191 by the Krebs cycle intermediate fumarate, which leads to S-(2-succinyl)cysteine residues, inhibits processing by caspases, and ability to initiate pyroptosis (PubMed:32820063). Succination modification is catalyzed by a non-enzymatic reaction caused by an accumulation of fumarate (PubMed:32820063).. Glycosylated: O-GlcNAcylation by OGT leads to reduced cleavage by CASP4 and decreased LPS-induced endothelial cell pyroptosis.. (Microbial infection) Cleaved and inactivated by Protease 3C from Human enterovirus 71 (EV71), preventing GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis.. (Microbial infection) Cleaved and inactivated by the 3C-like proteinase nsp5 from human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, preventing GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis.. (Microbial infection) Ubiquitinated by S.flexneri IpaH7.8, leading to its degradation by the proteasome.