Recombinant Human ND4 protein (GST tag N-Terminus)

Supplementary information

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

ND4 also known as NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 is a protein component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It forms part of the complex I which is the largest complex within the mitochondrial inner membrane. ND4 has an approximate mass of 52 kDa and contributes to the assembly and function of complex I. It is expressed in the mitochondria of cells found throughout the body where it plays a role in cellular respiration by participating in the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone while contributing to the proton gradient required for ATP synthesis.

Biological function summary

The role of ND4 is significant in the mitochondria's ability to produce energy. As a core component of complex I ND4 participates in electron transport which is a critical step in oxidative phosphorylation the process generating ATP from ADP. This complex comprises multiple subunits each contributing to its functionality and stability. Without the proper function of ND4 the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation is compromised leading to reduced cellular energy availability.

Pathways

ND4 interacts importantly with oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chains. The protein works closely with other subunits of complex I in facilitating the proper flow of electrons through the respiratory chain. This pathway is essential for cellular energy metabolism and is linked to the function of other respiratory complexes like complex III (cytochrome c reductase) and complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase). Together they drive the conversion of energy in cells by forming a network that allows ATP synthesis.

ND4 mutations are associated with conditions such as Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial complex I deficiency. These disorders arise due to defects in ND4 which impairs electron transport and subsequently diminishes ATP production. Proteins like ND1 another complex I subunit also get implicated in similar diseases as they share pathways within the mitochondrial function highlighting the delicate balance required for proper electron transport and cellular energy production.