Recombinant human Trefoil Factor 3 protein

Supplementary information

This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.

Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3) also known as intestinal trefoil factor is a small peptide with a molecular mass around 7 kDa. This protein is characterized by the presence of a trefoil domain which consists of a stable compact structure important for its function. TFF3 has significant expression in the gastrointestinal tract notably in the colon and small intestine where it acts to maintain the integrity of the mucosal barrier. It can also be found in other tissues but its concentrations vary depending on factors like tissue type and health status.

Biological function summary

TFF3 plays an important role in protecting and repairing epithelial tissues particularly those lining the gastrointestinal tract. This protein promotes epithelial restitution by aiding cell migration and inhibits apoptosis contributing to tissue healing processes. While TFF3 does not form part of a large protein complex it often interacts with mucins specifically mucin 2 to bolster the protective mucus layer which is essential for shielding epithelial cells.

Pathways

Trefoil Factor 3 is notably involved in pathways associated with mucosal immune response and inflammation. A significant pathway involving TFF3 is the mucosal defense pathway where it works alongside other mucins and proteins like epidermal growth factor (EGF) to mediate regeneration and defense of epithelial tissues after injury. It also engages in the Wnt signaling pathway where it affects cell proliferation and migration critical for maintaining epithelial homeostasis.

TFF3 has links to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. In IBD its expression levels may be altered affecting the ability of the intestine to protect itself and heal contributing to the disease's progression. In colorectal cancer TFF3 can exhibit upregulated expression linking it to tumor growth and metastasis. Proteins such as beta-catenin in the Wnt signaling pathway which are associated with cell cycle regulation have connections with TFF3 highlighting its role in cancerous transformations.