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Abl1

Function

Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many key processes linked to cell growth and survival such as cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extracellular stimuli, cell motility and adhesion, receptor endocytosis, autophagy, DNA damage response and apoptosis. Coordinates actin remodeling through tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins controlling cytoskeleton dynamics like WASF3 (involved in branch formation); ANXA1 (involved in membrane anchoring); DBN1, DBNL, CTTN, RAPH1 and ENAH (involved in signaling); or MAPT and PXN (microtubule-binding proteins). Phosphorylation of WASF3 is critical for the stimulation of lamellipodia formation and cell migration. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and motility through phosphorylation of key regulators of these processes such as BCAR1, CRK, CRKL, DOK1, EFS or NEDD9. Phosphorylates multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and more particularly promotes endocytosis of EGFR, facilitates the formation of neuromuscular synapses through MUSK, inhibits PDGFRB-mediated chemotaxis and modulates the endocytosis of activated B-cell receptor complexes. Other substrates which are involved in endocytosis regulation are the caveolin (CAV1) and RIN1. Moreover, ABL1 regulates the CBL family of ubiquitin ligases that drive receptor down-regulation and actin remodeling. Phosphorylation of CBL leads to increased EGFR stability. Involved in late-stage autophagy by regulating positively the trafficking and function of lysosomal components. ABL1 targets to mitochondria in response to oxidative stress and thereby mediates mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. In response to oxidative stress, phosphorylates serine/threonine kinase PRKD2 at 'Tyr-717' (By similarity). ABL1 is also translocated in the nucleus where it has DNA-binding activity and is involved in DNA-damage response and apoptosis. Many substrates are known mediators of DNA repair: DDB1, DDB2, ERCC3, ERCC6, RAD9A, RAD51, RAD52 or WRN. Activates the proapoptotic pathway when the DNA damage is too severe to be repaired. Phosphorylates TP73, a primary regulator for this type of damage-induced apoptosis. Phosphorylates the caspase CASP9 on 'Tyr-191' and regulates its processing in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. Phosphorylates PSMA7 that leads to an inhibition of proteasomal activity and cell cycle transition blocks. Regulates T-cell differentiation in a TBX21-dependent manner (PubMed:21690296). Positively regulates chemokine-mediated T-cell migration, polarization, and homing to lymph nodes and immune-challenged tissues, potentially via activation of NEDD9/HEF1 and RAP1 (PubMed:22810897). Phosphorylates TBX21 on tyrosine residues leading to an enhancement of its transcriptional activator activity (PubMed:21690296).

Post-translational modifications

Acetylated at Lys-710 by EP300 which promotes the cytoplasmic translocation.

Phosphorylation at Tyr-70 by members of the SRC family of kinases disrupts SH3 domain-based autoinhibitory interactions and intermolecular associations, such as that with ABI1, and also enhances kinase activity (By similarity). Phosphorylation at Tyr-226 and Tyr-393 correlate with increased activity (By similarity). DNA damage-induced activation of ABL1 requires the function of ATM and Ser-446 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation at Thr-547 and Ser-569 has been attributed to a CDC2-associated kinase and is coupled to cell division. Phosphorylation at Ser-618 and Ser-619 by PAK2 increases binding to CRK and reduces binding to ABI1 (By similarity). Phosphorylation on Thr-734 is required for binding 14-3-3 proteins for cytoplasmic translocation (By similarity). Phosphorylated by PDGFRB and PRKDC.

Polyubiquitinated. Polyubiquitination of ABL1 leads to degradation (By similarity).

Isoform IV is myristoylated on Gly-2.

Sequence Similarities

Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. ABL subfamily.

Tissue Specificity

Widely expressed.

Cellular localization

Alternative names

Abl, Abl1, Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1, Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1, Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 1, Proto-oncogene c-Abl, p150

swissprot:P00520 entrezGene:11350

Other research areas