ACTB
GeneName
ACTB
Summary
ACTB, also known as beta actin or F actin, is a 42 kDa cytoskeletal protein that is a fundamental component of the actin cytoskeleton. It is widely expressed in various tissues and plays a crucial role in maintaining cell shape, enabling cell motility, and facilitating intracellular transport. ACTB is involved in numerous cellular processes, including adherens junction assembly, axonogenesis, and chromatin remodeling. It participates in the formation of actin filaments and is essential for the structural integrity of cellular structures such as the cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell-cell junctions. Its interactions with various proteins, including kinesins and nitric-oxide synthase, further highlight its multifunctional role in cellular dynamics.
Importance
ACTB is relevant to: - Understanding cytoskeletal dynamics and cell motility, which are vital in processes such as wound healing and cancer metastasis. - Investigating the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier and its implications in neurodegenerative diseases. - Studying cell differentiation and proliferation, particularly in stem cell research and developmental biology. - Exploring its role in the regulation of synaptic functions and neuronal development, which may have implications in neurobiology and synaptic disorders.
Top Products
For researchers studying ACTB, we recommend two excellent primary antibodies that cater to various applications. The first is the highly regarded polyclonal antibody, Anti-beta Actin antibody - Loading Control (ab8227), which has garnered an impressive 5067 citations, underscoring its reliability in Western blotting (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunocytochemistry (ICC). Additionally, we offer the recombinant antibody, Anti-beta Actin antibody [EPR21241] - Loading Control (ab213262), which has been validated in knockout models and is suitable for WB and ICC. This recombinant product not only provides the batch-to-batch consistency that researchers value but also has 44 citations, indicating its growing acceptance in the scientific community. Together, these antibodies provide robust options for effective ACTB detection in your experiments.
Abcam Product Citation Summary
The data indicates a significant focus on the use of ACTB antibodies in various studies involving both human and mouse models. The majority of applications are in Western blotting, highlighting the importance of ACTB as a loading control in experiments related to cancer, diabetes, and other diseases. The studies span a wide range of contexts, including cancer research, metabolic studies, and investigations into cellular responses to various treatments.
Abcam Product Citation Table
Function
Actin is a highly conserved protein that polymerizes to produce filaments that form cross-linked networks in the cytoplasm of cells (PubMed:25255767, PubMed:29581253). Actin exists in both monomeric (G-actin) and polymeric (F-actin) forms, both forms playing key functions, such as cell motility and contraction (PubMed:29581253). In addition to their role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, G- and F-actin also localize in the nucleus, and regulate gene transcription and motility and repair of damaged DNA (PubMed:29925947). Part of the ACTR1A/ACTB filament around which the dynactin complex is built. The dynactin multiprotein complex activates the molecular motor dynein for ultra-processive transport along microtubules (By similarity).
Involvement in disease
Dystonia-deafness syndrome 1
DDS1
An autosomal dominant form of dystonia with juvenile onset, associated with congenital or childhood-onset sensorineural deafness. Dystonia is defined by the presence of sustained involuntary muscle contraction, often leading to abnormal postures. Some DDS1 patients have dysmorphic features, skeletal anomalies, and/or mild developmental delay with impaired intellectual development.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Baraitser-Winter syndrome 1
BRWS1
A rare developmental disorder characterized by the combination of congenital ptosis, high-arched eyebrows, hypertelorism, ocular colobomata, and a brain malformation consisting of anterior-predominant lissencephaly. Other typical features include postnatal short stature and microcephaly, intellectual disability, seizures, and hearing loss.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Thrombocytopenia 8, with dysmorphic features and developmental delay
THC8
A form of thrombocytopenia, a hematologic disorder defined by a decrease in the number of platelets in circulating blood, resulting in the potential for increased bleeding and decreased ability for clotting. THC8 is an autosomal dominant form characterized by early-childhood onset of thrombocytopenia with platelet anisotropy. Affected individuals also have dysmorphic facial features and variable developmental delay with speech delay and mildly impaired intellectual development.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Becker nevus syndrome
BNS
A syndrome characterized by the association of Becker nevi with musculoskeletal abnormalities, unilateral breast hypoplasia, intellectual disability, developmental delay, and cardiomyopathy. Becker nevus is a cutaneous hamartoma that appears in childhood as a unilateral tan patch and increases in thickness, pigmentation, and hair growth during adolescence. Histologically, epidermal acanthosis is accompanied by irregularly dispersed ectopic smooth muscle bundles and increased terminal hair follicles. Most cases are sporadic.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma, with or without hemihypertrophy
CSMH
A benign skin lesion that usually presents as an indurated, slightly pigmented or flesh-colored plaque with perifollicular papules or coarse hair. Histopathologically, there is excessive proliferation of ectopic smooth muscle within the dermis. Hair follicles are normal in number and hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and hyperpigmentation of the basal cell layer can sometimes be seen. Rarely, CSMH is associated with hemihypertrophy.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Post-translational modifications
ISGylated.
Oxidation of Met-44 and Met-47 by MICALs (MICAL1, MICAL2 or MICAL3) to form methionine sulfoxide promotes actin filament depolymerization. MICAL1 and MICAL2 produce the (R)-S-oxide form. The (R)-S-oxide form is reverted by MSRB1 and MSRB2, which promote actin repolymerization.
Monomethylation at Lys-84 (K84me1) regulates actin-myosin interaction and actomyosin-dependent processes (PubMed:23673617). Demethylation by ALKBH4 is required for maintaining actomyosin dynamics supporting normal cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis and cell migration (PubMed:23673617).
Methylated at His-73 by SETD3 (PubMed:30526847, PubMed:30626964, PubMed:30785395, PubMed:31388018). Methylation at His-73 is required for smooth muscle contraction of the laboring uterus during delivery (By similarity).
Actin, cytoplasmic 1
N-terminal cleavage of acetylated methionine of immature cytoplasmic actin by ACTMAP.
Actin, cytoplasmic 1, N-terminally processed
N-terminal acetylation by NAA80 affects actin filament depolymerization and elongation, including elongation driven by formins (PubMed:29581253). In contrast, filament nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex is not affected (PubMed:29581253).
(Microbial infection) Monomeric actin is cross-linked by V.cholerae toxins RtxA and VgrG1 in case of infection: bacterial toxins mediate the cross-link between Lys-50 of one monomer and Glu-270 of another actin monomer, resulting in formation of highly toxic actin oligomers that cause cell rounding (PubMed:19015515). The toxin can be highly efficient at very low concentrations by acting on formin homology family proteins: toxic actin oligomers bind with high affinity to formins and adversely affect both nucleation and elongation abilities of formins, causing their potent inhibition in both profilin-dependent and independent manners (PubMed:26228148).
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the actin family.
Cellular localization
- Cytoplasm
- Cytoskeleton
- Nucleus
- Localized in cytoplasmic mRNP granules containing untranslated mRNAs.
Alternative names
Beta-actin, ACTB