ATN1
Domain
The HX repeat motif is a specific pH-dependent interaction motif for ions and/or proteins or other biomolecules. This motif could be involved in the control of embryonic development.
Function
Transcriptional corepressor. Recruits NR2E1 to repress transcription. Promotes vascular smooth cell (VSMC) migration and orientation (By similarity). Corepressor of MTG8 transcriptional repression. Has some intrinsic repression activity which is independent of the number of poly-Gln (polyQ) repeats.
Involvement in disease
Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy
DRPLA
Autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of neurons in the dentate nucleus, rubrum, glogus pallidus and Luys'body. Clinical features are myoclonus epilepsy, dementia, and cerebellar ataxia. Onset of the disease occurs usually in the second decade of life and death in the fourth.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Congenital hypotonia, epilepsy, developmental delay, and digital anomalies
CHEDDA
An autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by severe global developmental delay, impaired intellectual development, poor or absent language, significant motor disability with inability to walk, dysmorphic facial features, skeletal anomalies, and variable congenital malformations. Most patients also have seizures and structural brain abnormalities.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Post-translational modifications
Phosphorylated in vitro by MAPK8/JNK1 on Ser-739. Mutant ATN1 sequences with expanded poly-Gln (polyQ) traits are more slowly phosphorylated.
Proteolytically cleaved, probably in the nucleus, to produce two C-terminal fragments of 140 kDa (F1) and 125 kDa (F2) each containing poly-Gln (polyQ) tracts. F2 is produced by cleavage by caspases and is exported into the cytoplasm. In vitro, cleavage increases with an increase in the number of polyQ tracts. C-terminal proteolytic products appear to be the cause of cell toxicity. In vitro cleavage at Asp-109.
Tissue Specificity
Widely expressed in various tissues including heart, lung, kidney, ovary, testis, prostate, placenta, skeletal Low levels in the liver, thymus and leukocytes. In the adult brain, broadly expressed in amygdala, caudate nucleus, corpus callosum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and thalamus. High levels in fetal tissues, especially brain.
Cellular localization
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Perinuclear region
- Cell junction
- Shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm. Colocalizes with FAT1 in the perinuclear area, at cell-cell junctions and leading edges of cells (By similarity). Colocalizes with MTG8 in discrete nuclear dots. Proteolytic fragment F1 appears to remain in nucleus. Fragment F2 is exported into the cytoplasm. Fragment F2 from mutant sequences with longer poly-Gln (polyQ) tracts are additionally located to the cytoplasmic membrane and to certain organelles.
Alternative names
D12S755E, DRPLA, ATN1, Atrophin-1, Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy protein