CD163
GeneName
CD163
Summary
CD163, also known as M130 or the hemoglobin scavenger receptor, is a 125 kDa transmembrane protein primarily expressed on the surface of macrophages and monocytes. It is localised to various cellular components including the plasma membrane, endocytic vesicle membrane, and the extracellular region. CD163 functions as a scavenger receptor, playing a crucial role in the uptake and clearance of haemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes, thereby contributing to the acute-phase response and modulating inflammation. Its ability to bind scaffold proteins further implicates it in various intracellular signalling pathways.
Importance
CD163 is relevant to: - The resolution of inflammation through its role in the clearance of haemoglobin, which can prevent tissue damage. - Macrophage polarization and function, influencing the immune response in various diseases. - The pathophysiology of conditions such as sepsis and chronic inflammatory diseases due to its involvement in the acute-phase response. - Potential therapeutic targets in diseases where macrophage activity is dysregulated, including cancer and autoimmune disorders.
Top Products
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Abcam Product Citation Summary
The data indicates a significant focus on the role of CD163 in macrophage biology, particularly in the context of cancer and inflammation. Studies have utilised various applications such as immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry across different species, including humans and mice, to explore macrophage polarization and presence in various tissues.
Abcam Product Citation Table
Domain
The SRCR domain 3 mediates calcium-sensitive interaction with hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes.
Function
Acute phase-regulated receptor involved in clearance and endocytosis of hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes by macrophages and may thereby protect tissues from free hemoglobin-mediated oxidative damage. May play a role in the uptake and recycling of iron, via endocytosis of hemoglobin/haptoglobin and subsequent breakdown of heme. Binds hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes in a calcium-dependent and pH-dependent manner. Exhibits a higher affinity for complexes of hemoglobin and multimeric haptoglobin of HP*1F phenotype than for complexes of hemoglobin and dimeric haptoglobin of HP*1S phenotype. Induces a cascade of intracellular signals that involves tyrosine kinase-dependent calcium mobilization, inositol triphosphate production and secretion of IL6 and CSF1. Isoform 3 exhibits the higher capacity for ligand endocytosis and the more pronounced surface expression when expressed in cells.
After shedding, the soluble form (sCD163) may play an anti-inflammatory role, and may be a valuable diagnostic parameter for monitoring macrophage activation in inflammatory conditions.
Post-translational modifications
A soluble form (sCD163) is produced by proteolytic shedding which can be induced by lipopolysaccharide, phorbol ester and Fc region of immunoglobulin gamma. This cleavage is dependent on protein kinase C and tyrosine kinases and can be blocked by protease inhibitors. The shedding is inhibited by the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase TIMP3, and thus probably induced by membrane-bound metalloproteinases ADAMs.
Phosphorylated.
Tissue Specificity
Expressed in monocytes and mature macrophages such as Kupffer cells in the liver, red pulp macrophages in the spleen, cortical macrophages in the thymus, resident bone marrow macrophages and meningeal macrophages of the central nervous system. Expressed also in blood. Isoform 1 is the lowest abundant in the blood. Isoform 2 is the lowest abundant in the liver and the spleen. Isoform 3 is the predominant isoform detected in the blood.
Cellular localization
- Soluble CD163
- Secreted
- Cell membrane
- Single-pass type I membrane protein
- Isoform 1 and isoform 2 show a lower surface expression when expressed in cells.
Alternative names
CD163, M130, Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130, Hemoglobin scavenger receptor