CTCF
GeneName
CTCF
Summary
CTCF, also known as CCCTC binding factor or 11 zinc finger protein, is an 83 kDa zinc finger protein that plays a crucial role in the organisation of chromatin architecture. It is predominantly localised in the nucleus, including the nucleoplasm and nucleolus, and is involved in chromatin loop formation and anchoring. CTCF functions as a transcription factor with sequence-specific DNA binding capabilities, acting as both a transcriptional repressor and activator. Its binding to DNA sequences serves as a chromatin insulator, regulating gene expression through mechanisms such as genomic imprinting and epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation. CTCF is essential for processes such as chromosome segregation and cardiac muscle cell development.
Importance
CTCF is relevant to: - Understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation and chromatin dynamics, which are fundamental to cellular function and identity. - Investigating epigenetic modifications and their implications in diseases, including cancer, where dysregulation of CTCF can lead to aberrant gene expression. - Studying developmental biology, particularly in relation to in utero embryonic development and cardiac muscle cell differentiation. - Exploring the roles of chromatin architecture in genomic stability and the maintenance of proper chromosome segregation during cell division.
Top Products
For researchers investigating CTCF, we recommend two excellent primary antibodies. The first is the well-cited polyclonal antibody, Anti-CTCF antibody (ab70303), which has garnered 93 citations, highlighting its reliability in Western blotting (WB), immunoprecipitation (IP), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). This antibody is a trusted choice for those looking to study CTCF in various applications. Additionally, we offer the recombinant antibody, Anti-CTCF antibody [EPR7314(B)] - ChIP Grade (ab128873). This monoclonal antibody is particularly suited for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and has also been validated for use in WB, immunocytochemistry (ICC), IHC, and flow cytometry (FC). With 41 citations, it is a solid option for researchers seeking the consistency and performance that recombinant antibodies provide. Together, these products offer a comprehensive toolkit for studying CTCF effectively.
Abcam Product Citation Summary
The data indicates that CTCF is being studied in various human cell contexts, particularly in relation to its role in gene regulation and expression. The use of Western blotting across different studies highlights the importance of CTCF in understanding cellular mechanisms during the G1/M transition, its interaction with SNF2H, and its impact on MYC and HOXA9 expression in cancer cells.
Abcam Product Citation Table
Domain
The 11 zinc fingers are highly conserved among vertebrates, exhibiting almost identical amino acid sequences. Different subsets or combination of individual zinc fingers gives the ability to CTCF to recognize multiple DNA target sites.
Function
Chromatin binding factor that binds to DNA sequence specific sites and regulates the 3D structure of chromatin (PubMed:18347100, PubMed:18654629, PubMed:19322193). Binds together strands of DNA, thus forming chromatin loops, and anchors DNA to cellular structures, such as the nuclear lamina (PubMed:18347100, PubMed:18654629, PubMed:19322193). Defines the boundaries between active and heterochromatic DNA via binding to chromatin insulators, thereby preventing interaction between promoter and nearby enhancers and silencers (PubMed:18347100, PubMed:18654629, PubMed:19322193). Plays a critical role in the epigenetic regulation (PubMed:16949368). Participates in the allele-specific gene expression at the imprinted IGF2/H19 gene locus (PubMed:16107875, PubMed:16815976, PubMed:17827499). On the maternal allele, binding within the H19 imprinting control region (ICR) mediates maternally inherited higher-order chromatin conformation to restrict enhancer access to IGF2 (By similarity). Mediates interchromosomal association between IGF2/H19 and WSB1/NF1 and may direct distant DNA segments to a common transcription factory (By similarity). Regulates asynchronous replication of IGF2/H19 (By similarity). Plays a critical role in gene silencing over considerable distances in the genome (By similarity). Preferentially interacts with unmethylated DNA, preventing spreading of CpG methylation and maintaining methylation-free zones (PubMed:18413740). Inversely, binding to target sites is prevented by CpG methylation (PubMed:18413740). Plays an important role in chromatin remodeling (PubMed:18413740). Can dimerize when it is bound to different DNA sequences, mediating long-range chromatin looping (PubMed:12191639). Causes local loss of histone acetylation and gain of histone methylation in the beta-globin locus, without affecting transcription (PubMed:12191639). When bound to chromatin, it provides an anchor point for nucleosomes positioning (PubMed:12191639). Seems to be essential for homologous X-chromosome pairing (By similarity). May participate with Tsix in establishing a regulatable epigenetic switch for X chromosome inactivation (PubMed:11743158). May play a role in preventing the propagation of stable methylation at the escape genes from X-inactivation (PubMed:11743158). Involved in sister chromatid cohesion (PubMed:12191639). Associates with both centromeres and chromosomal arms during metaphase and required for cohesin localization to CTCF sites (PubMed:18550811). Plays a role in the recruitment of CENPE to the pericentromeric/centromeric regions of the chromosome during mitosis (PubMed:26321640). Acts as a transcriptional repressor binding to promoters of vertebrate MYC gene and BAG1 gene (PubMed:18413740, PubMed:8649389, PubMed:9591631). Also binds to the PLK and PIM1 promoters (PubMed:12191639). Acts as a transcriptional activator of APP (PubMed:9407128). Regulates APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster and controls MHC class II gene expression (PubMed:18347100, PubMed:19322193). Plays an essential role in oocyte and preimplantation embryo development by activating or repressing transcription (By similarity). Seems to act as tumor suppressor (PubMed:12191639).
Involvement in disease
Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 21
MRD21
A disorder characterized by significantly below average general intellectual functioning associated with impairments in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period. Additional MRD21 features include short stature, microcephaly, and developmental delay.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Post-translational modifications
Sumoylated on Lys-74 and Lys-689; sumoylation of CTCF contributes to the repressive function of CTCF on the MYC P2 promoter.
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the CTCF zinc-finger protein family.
Tissue Specificity
Ubiquitous. Absent in primary spermatocytes.
Cellular localization
- Nucleus
- Nucleoplasm
- Chromosome
- Chromosome
- Centromere
- May translocate to the nucleolus upon cell differentiation. Associates with both centromeres and chromosomal arms during metaphase. Associates with the H19 ICR in mitotic chromosomes. May be preferentially excluded from heterochromatin during interphase.
Alternative names
Transcriptional repressor CTCF, 11-zinc finger protein, CCCTC-binding factor, CTCFL paralog, CTCF