CX3CL1
GeneName
CX3CL1
Summary
CX3CL1, also known as fractalkine, FKN, or NTT, is a 42 kDa chemokine that exists both as a membrane-bound protein and a soluble factor. It is primarily expressed in neurons and plays a vital role in mediating cell-cell interactions, particularly in the context of leukocyte recruitment and adhesion. CX3CL1 is localised to the cell surface and extracellular space, functioning through its binding to receptors such as CX3CR1 on immune cells. This chemokine is involved in various biological processes including chemotaxis, immune response, and inflammatory signalling, making it a significant player in both central nervous system function and immune regulation.
Importance
CX3CL1 is relevant to: - Neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, as it regulates microglial activation and neuronal interactions. - Wound healing and tissue repair through its role in angiogenesis and cell migration. - Immune responses, particularly in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes during inflammation. - The pathology of various diseases, including atherosclerosis and multiple sclerosis, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.
Top Products
For researchers investigating CX3CL1, we recommend the well-cited polyclonal antibody, Anti-CX3CL1 antibody (ab25088). This antibody has garnered 82 citations, reflecting its reliability and trust within the scientific community. It is particularly effective for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICC), making it a valuable tool for those studying the expression and localisation of CX3CL1 in various biological contexts. The Recombinant Human CX3CL1/Fractalkine (Chemokine Domain) protein ELISA Kit (ab283874) is an excellent option for researchers looking to measure CX3CL1 with precision.
Abcam Product Citation Summary
The data indicates that CX3CL1 is being studied in various contexts related to neuroinflammation and immune responses, particularly in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats and mice. The use of the antibody ab25088 in both Western blotting and immunohistochemistry highlights its versatility in detecting CX3CL1 across different experimental setups, including studies on LPS effects, FGFR inhibitors, and proinflammatory responses during viral infections.
Abcam Product Citation Table
Function
Chemokine that acts as a ligand for both CX3CR1 and integrins ITGAV:ITGB3 and ITGA4:ITGB1 (PubMed:12055230, PubMed:21829356, PubMed:23125415, PubMed:9782118, PubMed:9931005). The CX3CR1-CX3CL1 signaling exerts distinct functions in different tissue compartments, such as immune response, inflammation, cell adhesion and chemotaxis (PubMed:12055230, PubMed:9024663, PubMed:9177350, PubMed:9782118). Regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration processes at the endothelium (PubMed:9024663, PubMed:9177350). Can activate integrins in both a CX3CR1-dependent and CX3CR1-independent manner (PubMed:23125415, PubMed:24789099). In the presence of CX3CR1, activates integrins by binding to the classical ligand-binding site (site 1) in integrins (PubMed:23125415, PubMed:24789099). In the absence of CX3CR1, binds to a second site (site 2) in integrins which is distinct from site 1 and enhances the binding of other integrin ligands to site 1 (PubMed:23125415, PubMed:24789099).
Processed fractalkine
The soluble form is chemotactic for T-cells and monocytes, but not for neutrophils.
Fractalkine
The membrane-bound form promotes adhesion of those leukocytes to endothelial cells.
(Microbial infection) Mediates the cytoadherence of erythrocytes infected with parasite P.falciparum (strain 3D7) with endothelial cells by interacting with P.falciparum CBP1 and CBP2 expressed at the surface of erythrocytes (PubMed:27653778). The adhesion prevents the elimination of infected erythrocytes by the spleen (Probable).
Post-translational modifications
A soluble short 95 kDa form may be released by proteolytic cleavage from the long membrane-anchored form.
O-glycosylated with core 1 or possibly core 8 glycans.
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the intercrine delta family.
Tissue Specificity
Expressed in the seminal plasma, endometrial fluid and follicular fluid (at protein level). Small intestine, colon, testis, prostate, heart, brain, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas. Most abundant in the brain and heart.
Cellular localization
- Cell membrane
- Single-pass type I membrane protein
- Processed fractalkine
- Secreted
Alternative names
FKN, NTT, SCYD1, A-152E5.2, CX3CL1, Fractalkine, C-X3-C motif chemokine 1, CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine, Neurotactin, Small-inducible cytokine D1
Database links
swissprot:P78423 entrezGene:6376 omim:601880
Other research areas
- Immuno-oncology