Fmr1
Developmental stage
Expressed during the embryonic development (PubMed:11046149). Expressed both maternally and zygotically in embryos (PubMed:11046149). Until early gastrulation, expression is uniformly distributed in the embryo (PubMed:11046149). At mid-gastrulation (stage 11), expressed everywhere with discernible concentration in the mesoderm (PubMed:11046149). After gastrulation (stage 14), expressed in the mesoderm, ventral nerve cord, and brain (PubMed:11046149). At stage 16, elevated expression is also seen in the muscle (PubMed:11046149). Highly expressed in nervous system throughout later development (at protein level) (PubMed:11046149, PubMed:11733059).
Domain
The C-terminal disordered region undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) for the formation of a membraneless compartment that concentrates mRNAs with associated regulatory factors.
Function
Polyribosome-associated RNA-binding protein that plays a role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity through the regulation of protein synthesis of mRNAs (PubMed:11046149, PubMed:11733059, PubMed:12368261, PubMed:17178403). Acts as an mRNA regulator by mediating formation of some phase-separated membraneless compartment: undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation upon binding to target mRNAs, leading to assemble mRNAs into cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules that concentrate mRNAs with associated regulatory factors (PubMed:35165263). Mainly acts as an activator of mRNA translation: promotes translation of stored mRNAs in oocytes (PubMed:30115809). Can also act as a negative translational regulator of specific mRNAs (PubMed:11733059, PubMed:17178403). Represses translation of the microtubule-associated protein futsch mRNA to regulate microtubule-dependent synaptic growth and function (PubMed:11733059). Localizes to specific N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs as part of a complex with the m6A reader Ythdf and thereby regulates axonal growth in the mushroom bodies and neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:33428246). Specifically recognizes and binds a subset of N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing mRNAs in embryos, promoting formation of a phase-separated membraneless compartment that mediates degradation of maternal mRNAs (PubMed:35165263). May also be involved in microRNA (miRNA)-mediated translational suppression as part of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (PubMed:12368261, PubMed:14508492). Required for stability of the central pair of microtubules in the spermatid axoneme (PubMed:15183715). Regulates photoreceptor structure and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) neurotransmission in the eye (PubMed:11733059, PubMed:17178403). During embryogenesis, involved in germline fate determination (PubMed:16949822).
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the FMR1 family.
Tissue Specificity
Highly expressed in testes in the early stages of spermatogenesis before spermatid individualization (at protein level) (PubMed:15183715).
Cellular localization
- Cytoplasm
- Cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule
- Cytoplasm
- Perikaryon
- Cell projection
- Neuron projection
- Synapse
- Cytoplasm
- Stress granule
- Localizes in the neuronal soma and cell processes, and in pre- and postsynaptic neurons, as well as in postsynaptic muscles.
Alternative names
FXR, CG6203, Fmr1, Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 homolog, FMRP, dFMR1