Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Monoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.
Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation (PubMed:12757711). Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.
GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).
ADP-ribosylated by PARP1 or PARP2 on Ser-7 (H2BS6ADPr) in response to DNA damage (PubMed:27723750, PubMed:34874266). H2BS6ADPr promotes recruitment of CHD1L (PubMed:34874266). Mono-ADP-ribosylated on Glu-3 (H2BE2ADPr) by PARP3 in response to single-strand breaks (PubMed:27530147). Poly ADP-ribosylation on Glu-36 (H2BE35ADPr) by PARP1 regulates adipogenesis: it inhibits phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph), thereby blocking expression of pro-adipogenetic genes (By similarity).
Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.
Lactylated in macrophages by EP300/P300 by using lactoyl-CoA directly derived from endogenous or exogenous lactate, leading to stimulates gene transcription.
Belongs to the histone H2B family.
H2BFC, HIST1H2BL, H2BC13, Histone H2B type 1-L, Histone H2B.c, H2B/c, H2BS14p
Proteins
13952Da
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