HP
GeneName
HP
Summary
Haptoglobin, also known as Zonulin, is a 45 kDa acute-phase protein predominantly produced by the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. It plays a vital role in binding free haemoglobin released during red blood cell lysis, forming a haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex that is subsequently cleared by macrophages. Haptoglobin is involved in various biological processes, including the acute-phase response to inflammation and infection, as well as defence responses against bacteria. It exhibits antioxidant activity, helping to mitigate oxidative stress by regulating hydrogen peroxide levels, and has serine-type endopeptidase activity, contributing to proteolytic processes in the extracellular environment. Haptoglobin is found in various extracellular compartments, including blood microparticles and exosomes, highlighting its importance in intercellular communication and immune responses.
Importance
Haptoglobin is relevant to: - The acute-phase response, serving as a biomarker for inflammation and tissue injury - Immune system processes, particularly in the defence against bacterial infections - Regulation of oxidative stress, which is implicated in various diseases, including cardiovascular disorders - Research on Zonulin’s role in gut permeability and autoimmune diseases, linking it to conditions such as celiac disease and type 1 diabetes
Top Products
For researchers investigating Haptoglobin (HP), we recommend two excellent primary antibodies. The first is the well-cited monoclonal antibody, Anti-Haptoglobin antibody [HG-36] (ab13429), which has garnered 19 citations and is particularly effective for ELISA applications. This antibody is a trusted choice for those looking to study HP in detail. Additionally, we offer the recombinant antibody, Anti-Haptoglobin antibody [EPSISR7] (ab131236), which is validated for use in Western blotting (WB) and has 10 citations. This recombinant option provides the advantage of batch-to-batch consistency, making it an ideal choice for researchers requiring reliable results in their experiments. The Swine Haptoglobin ELISA Kit (ab223136), supported by 1 citation, is an excellent option for researchers looking to measure haptoglobin levels in swine samples.
Abcam Product Citation Summary
The data indicates that Haptoglobin (HP) is being investigated in the context of human health, particularly in relation to osteoarthritis and metastasis. The use of Western blot analyses suggests a focus on protein expression levels in serum and plasma samples.
Abcam Product Citation Table
Function
As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an antioxidant, has antibacterial activity, and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidly cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway.
The uncleaved form of allele alpha-2 (2-2), known as zonulin, plays a role in intestinal permeability, allowing intercellular tight junction disassembly, and controlling the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self antigens.
Involvement in disease
Anhaptoglobinemia
AHP
A condition characterized by the absence of the serum glycoprotein haptoglobin. Serum levels of haptoglobin vary among normal persons: levels are low in the neonatal period and in the elderly, differ by population, and can be influenced by environmental factors, such as infection. Secondary hypohaptoglobinemia can occur as a consequence of hemolysis, during which haptoglobin binds to free hemoglobin. Congenital haptoglobin deficiency is a risk factor for anaphylactic non-hemolytic transfusion reactions.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the peptidase S1 family.
Tissue Specificity
Expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma.
Cellular localization
- Secreted
Alternative names
Haptoglobin, Zonulin, HP