IL10
Developmental stage
Expression is detected as early as embryonic day 12. Higher expression in spleen of post-hatch chickens than embryos. Gradual increase in expression in the spleen which peaks by day 7 post-hatch.
Function
Major immune regulatory cytokine that acts on many cells of the immune system where it has profound anti-inflammatory functions, limiting excessive tissue disruption caused by inflammation. Mechanistically, IL10 binds to its heterotetrameric receptor comprising IL10RA and IL10RB leading to JAK1 and STAT2-mediated phosphorylation of STAT3. In turn, STAT3 translocates to the nucleus where it drives expression of anti-inflammatory mediators. Targets antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and monocytes and inhibits their release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor /GM-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor/G-CSF, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha. Interferes also with antigen presentation by reducing the expression of MHC-class II and co-stimulatory molecules, thereby inhibiting their ability to induce T cell activation (By similarity). In addition, controls the inflammatory response of macrophages by reprogramming essential metabolic pathways including mTOR signaling (By similarity).
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the IL-10 family.
Tissue Specificity
Expressed predominantly in bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsils with low levels in thymus, liver and lung.
Cellular localization
- Secreted
Alternative names
Interleukin-10, IL-10, IL10
Database links
Other research areas
- Immuno-oncology
- Neuroscience