IL-1 beta

Potent pro-inflammatory cytokine (PubMed:10653850, PubMed:12794819, PubMed:28331908, PubMed:3920526). Initially discovered as the major endogenous pyrogen, induces prostaglandin synthesis, neutrophil influx and activation, T-cell activation and cytokine production, B-cell activation and antibody production, and fibroblast proliferation and collagen production (PubMed:3920526). Promotes Th17 differentiation of T-cells. Synergizes with IL12/interleukin-12 to induce IFNG synthesis from T-helper 1 (Th1) cells (PubMed:10653850). Plays a role in angiogenesis by inducing VEGF production synergistically with TNF and IL6 (PubMed:12794819). Involved in transduction of inflammation downstream of pyroptosis: its mature form is specifically released in the extracellular milieu by passing through the gasdermin-D (GSDMD) pore (PubMed:33377178, PubMed:33883744). Acts as a sensor of S.pyogenes infection in skin: cleaved and activated by pyogenes SpeB protease, leading to an inflammatory response that prevents bacterial growth during invasive skin infection (PubMed:28331908).

Activation of the IL1B precursor involves a CASP1-catalyzed proteolytic cleavage. Processing and secretion are temporarily associated.

(Microbial infection) Cleavage by S.pyogenes cysteine protease SpeB promotes its activation independently of CASP1.

Belongs to the IL-1 family.

Expressed in activated monocytes/macrophages (at protein level).

• Cytoplasm
• Cytosol
• Secreted
• Lysosome
• Secreted
• Extracellular exosome
• The precursor is cytosolic (PubMed:15192144). In response to inflammasome-activating signals, such as ATP for NLRP3 inflammasome or bacterial flagellin for NLRC4 inflammasome, cleaved and secreted (PubMed:24201029, PubMed:33377178, PubMed:33883744). Mature form is secreted and released in the extracellular milieu by passing through the gasdermin-D (GSDMD) pore (PubMed:33883744). In contrast, the precursor form is not released, due to the presence of an acidic region that is proteolytically removed by CASP1 during maturation (PubMed:33883744). The secretion is dependent on protein unfolding and facilitated by the cargo receptor TMED10 (PubMed:32272059).

IL1F2, IL1B, Interleukin-1 beta, IL-1 beta, Catabolin

• entrezGene:3553
• omim:147720
• swissprot:P01584

Proteins

Immunology & Infectious Disease

• Cardiovascular
• Immuno-oncology
• Neuroscience

30748Da