MYC

GeneName

MYC

Summary

MYC, also known as c Myc or Myc protein, is a 51 kDa transcription factor that plays a central role in regulating gene expression, cell growth, and proliferation. It is primarily located in the nucleus and nucleolus, where it forms complexes with other proteins, such as Max, to bind to specific DNA sequences, particularly in core promoter regions. MYC is involved in various biological processes including chromatin remodelling, cell cycle regulation, and responses to cellular stressors. It is essential for the transcriptional regulation of genes associated with cell division, apoptosis, and differentiation, impacting a wide range of tissues and cell types.

Importance

MYC is relevant to: - Cancer research due to its role as an oncogene, where its dysregulation is implicated in various malignancies - Stem cell biology as it regulates self-renewal and differentiation - Developmental biology through its involvement in cellular proliferation and differentiation processes - Response to environmental stressors, such as hypoxia and xenobiotics, highlighting its importance in cellular adaptation mechanisms

Top Products

For researchers investigating MYC, we highly recommend the Anti-c-Myc antibody [Y69] - ChIP Grade (ab32072). This top-selling recombinant antibody has garnered an impressive 1629 citations, reflecting its strong reputation in the field. It has been validated in knockout models and is suitable for a wide range of applications, including Western blotting (WB), immunocytochemistry (ICC), immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunoprecipitation (IP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and flow cytometry (FC). Its versatility and reliability make it an excellent choice for those studying MYC. The Recombinant Human c-Myc protein (Tagged) ELISA Kit (ab235798) is an excellent option for researchers looking to study c-Myc in their experiments.

Abcam Product Citation Summary

The data indicates a significant focus on the MYC gene in various cancer contexts, particularly in human colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, and leukemia. The use of Abcam antibodies for MYC detection spans multiple applications, predominantly Western blotting, highlighting its importance in studying cancer biology and related pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Additionally, MYC's role in stemness and cell proliferation is frequently investigated across different species, including human and mouse models.

Abcam Product Citation Table

Domain

The 9aaTAD motif is a transactivation domain present in a large number of yeast and animal transcription factors.

Function

Transcription factor that binds DNA in a non-specific manner, yet also specifically recognizes the core sequence 5'-CAC[GA]TG-3' (PubMed:24940000, PubMed:25956029). Activates the transcription of growth-related genes (PubMed:24940000, PubMed:25956029). Binds to the VEGFA promoter, promoting VEGFA production and subsequent sprouting angiogenesis (PubMed:24940000, PubMed:25956029). Regulator of somatic reprogramming, controls self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (By similarity). Functions with TAF6L to activate target gene expression through RNA polymerase II pause release (By similarity). Positively regulates transcription of HNRNPA1, HNRNPA2 and PTBP1 which in turn regulate splicing of pyruvate kinase PKM by binding repressively to sequences flanking PKM exon 9, inhibiting exon 9 inclusion and resulting in exon 10 inclusion and production of the PKM M2 isoform (PubMed:20010808).

Involvement in disease

A chromosomal aberration involving MYC may be a cause of a form of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Translocation t(8;12)(q24;q22) with BTG1.

Burkitt lymphoma

BL

A form of undifferentiated malignant lymphoma commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass.

None

The gene represented in this entry is involved in disease pathogenesis. Chromosomal aberrations involving MYC are usually found in Burkitt lymphoma. Translocations t(8;14), t(8;22) or t(2;8) which juxtapose MYC to one of the heavy or light chain immunoglobulin gene loci.

Post-translational modifications

Phosphorylated by PRKDC (PubMed:1597196). Phosphorylation at Ser-344 by PIM2 leads to the stabilization of MYC (By similarity). Phosphorylation at Ser-77 by CDK2 prevents Ras-induced senescence (PubMed:19966300, PubMed:20713526). Phosphorylated at Ser-77 by DYRK2; this primes the protein for subsequent phosphorylation by GSK3B at Thr-73 (PubMed:22307329). Phosphorylation at Thr-73 and Ser-77 by GSK3 is required for ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome (PubMed:15103331, PubMed:17558397, PubMed:8386367). Dephosphorylation at Ser-77 by protein phosphatase 2A (PPP2CA) promotes its degradation; interaction with PPP2CA is enhanced by AMBRA1 (PubMed:25438055, PubMed:25803737).

Ubiquitinated by the SCF(FBXW7) complex when phosphorylated at Thr-73 and Ser-77, leading to its degradation by the proteasome (PubMed:15103331, PubMed:17558397, PubMed:25775507). In the nucleoplasm, ubiquitination is counteracted by USP28, which interacts with isoform 1 of FBXW7 (FBW7alpha), leading to its deubiquitination and preventing degradation (PubMed:17558397, PubMed:17873522). In the nucleolus, however, ubiquitination is not counteracted by USP28 but by USP36, due to the lack of interaction between isoform 3 of FBXW7 (FBW7gamma) and USP28, explaining the selective MYC degradation in the nucleolus (PubMed:17558397, PubMed:25775507). Also polyubiquitinated by the DCX(TRPC4AP) complex (PubMed:20551172, PubMed:29779948). Ubiquitinated by UBR5 when not forming a heterodimer with another bHLH protein, leading to its degradation: UBR5 recognizes and binds a degron that is only available upon heterodimer dissociation (PubMed:33208877, PubMed:37478862). Ubiquitinated by TRIM6 in a phosphorylation-independent manner (By similarity).

Cellular localization

• Nucleus
• Nucleoplasm
• Nucleus
• Nucleolus
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Localization to the nucleolus is dependent on HEATR1.

Alternative names

BHLHE39, MYC, Myc proto-oncogene protein, Class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 39, Proto-oncogene c-Myc, Transcription factor p64, bHLHe39

Database links

swissprot:P01106 omim:164850 omim:164840 omim:190080 entrezGene:4613 entrezGene:4610 entrezGene:4609 swissprot:P12524 swissprot:P04198

Other research areas

• Oncology