PPARG
GeneName
PPARG
Summary
PPARG, also known as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, is a 58 kDa nuclear receptor that functions as a transcription factor regulating the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and adipocyte differentiation. It is primarily expressed in adipose tissue, but also in the liver, muscle, and immune cells. PPARG is localised in various cellular compartments including the nucleus, cytoplasm, and chromatin, and plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolic processes through its ability to bind to DNA and interact with other transcriptional regulators. It is involved in several biological pathways, including the BMP signalling pathway and hormone-mediated signalling pathways, and has a diverse range of molecular functions, including DNA binding and transcriptional regulation.
Importance
PPARG is relevant to: - Metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes due to its role in adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity - Cardiovascular diseases through its regulation of lipid homeostasis and inflammation - Cancer biology, as it can influence cell differentiation and proliferation - The innate immune response, impacting macrophage function and inflammation - Therapeutic targets for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists in treating metabolic syndromes and related conditions
Top Products
For researchers investigating PPARG, we recommend two excellent primary antibodies. The first is the highly regarded polyclonal antibody, Anti-PPAR gamma antibody (ab45036), which has garnered 130 citations, reflecting its strong reputation in the field. This antibody is particularly effective for Western blotting (WB) and immunocytochemistry (ICC). In addition, we offer the recombinant antibody, Anti-PPAR gamma antibody [EPR18516] (ab178860), which has been validated for use in WB, ICC, and flow cytometry (FC). With 76 citations, this recombinant product provides the added benefit of batch-to-batch consistency, making it an ideal choice for researchers seeking reliable and reproducible results in their studies of PPARG.
Abcam Product Citation Summary
The data indicates a significant focus on the role of PPARG in various biological contexts, particularly in relation to adipogenesis, obesity, and metabolic processes. The use of multiple antibodies across different species, especially Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus, highlights the importance of PPARG in studies related to fat metabolism and differentiation. Additionally, the involvement of PPARG in conditions such as periodontitis and breast carcinoma suggests its broader implications in health and disease.
Abcam Product Citation Table
Domain
The 9aaTAD motif is a transactivation domain present in a large number of yeast and animal transcription factors.
Function
Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated pro-inflammatory responses. Plays a role in the regulation of cardiovascular circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of BMAL1 in the blood vessels (By similarity).
(Microbial infection) Upon treatment with M.tuberculosis or its lipoprotein LpqH, phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and IL-6 production are modulated, probably via this protein.
Involvement in disease
Defects in PPARG can lead to type 2 insulin-resistant diabetes and hyptertension. PPARG mutations may be associated with colon cancer.
Obesity
OBESITY
A condition characterized by an increase of body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirements, as the result of excessive accumulation of body fat.
None
Disease susceptibility may be associated with variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Lipodystrophy, familial partial, 3
FPLD3
A form of lipodystrophy characterized by marked loss of subcutaneous fat from the extremities. Facial adipose tissue may be increased, decreased or normal. Affected individuals show an increased preponderance of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Glioma 1
GLM1
Gliomas are benign or malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells. They comprise astrocytomas and glioblastoma multiforme that are derived from astrocytes, oligodendrogliomas derived from oligodendrocytes and ependymomas derived from ependymocytes.
None
Disease susceptibility may be associated with variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. Polymorphic PPARG alleles have been found to be significantly over-represented among a cohort of American patients with sporadic glioblastoma multiforme suggesting a possible contribution to disease susceptibility.
Post-translational modifications
O-GlcNAcylation at Thr-84 reduces transcriptional activity in adipocytes.
Phosphorylated in basal conditions and dephosphorylated when treated with the ligand. May be dephosphorylated by PPP5C. The phosphorylated form may be inactive and dephosphorylation at Ser-112 induces adipogenic activity (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex containing FBXO9; leading to proteasomal degradation (By similarity). Ubiquitinated at Lys-252 by TRIM55 leading to proteasomal degradation (PubMed:36737649). Ubiquitinated by E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase STUB1/CHIP; leading to proteasomal degradation (By similarity).
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR1 subfamily.
Tissue Specificity
Highest expression in adipose tissue. Lower in skeletal muscle, spleen, heart and liver. Also detectable in placenta, lung and ovary.
Cellular localization
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Redistributed from the nucleus to the cytosol through a MAP2K1/MEK1-dependent manner. NOCT enhances its nuclear translocation.
Alternative names
NR1C3, PPARG, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPAR-gamma, Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 3
Database links
swissprot:P37231 omim:601487 entrezGene:5468
Other research areas
- Epigenetics