PTEN

Domain

The C2 domain binds phospholipid membranes in vitro in a Ca(2+)-independent manner; this binding is important for its tumor suppressor function.

Function

Tumor suppressor. Acts as a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, dephosphorylating tyrosine-, serine- and threonine-phosphorylated proteins. Also acts as a lipid phosphatase, removing the phosphate in the D3 position of the inositol ring from phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate with order of substrate preference in vitro PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 > PtdIns(3,4)P2 > PtdIns3P > Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 (PubMed:26504226, PubMed:16824732). The lipid phosphatase activity is critical for its tumor suppressor function. Antagonizes the PI3K-AKT/PKB signaling pathway by dephosphorylating phosphoinositides and thereby modulating cell cycle progression and cell survival. The unphosphorylated form cooperates with MAGI2 to suppress AKT1 activation. Dephosphorylates tyrosine-phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase and inhibits cell migration and integrin-mediated cell spreading and focal adhesion formation. Plays a role as a key modulator of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway controlling the tempo of the process of newborn neurons integration during adult neurogenesis, including correct neuron positioning, dendritic development and synapse formation. May be a negative regulator of insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in adipose tissue. The nuclear monoubiquitinated form possesses greater apoptotic potential, whereas the cytoplasmic nonubiquitinated form induces less tumor suppressive ability. In motile cells, suppresses the formation of lateral pseudopods and thereby promotes cell polarization and directed movement.

Isoform alpha

Functional kinase, like isoform 1 it antagonizes the PI3K-AKT/PKB signaling pathway. Plays a role in mitochondrial energetic metabolism by promoting COX activity and ATP production, via collaboration with isoform 1 in increasing protein levels of PINK1.

Involvement in disease

Cowden syndrome 1

CWS1

An autosomal dominant hamartomatous polyposis syndrome with age-related penetrance. Cowden syndrome is characterized by hamartomatous lesions affecting derivatives of ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal layers, macrocephaly, facial trichilemmomas (benign tumors of the hair follicle infundibulum), acral keratoses, papillomatous papules, and elevated risk for development of several types of malignancy, particularly breast carcinoma in women and thyroid carcinoma in both men and women. Colon cancer and renal cell carcinoma have also been reported. Hamartomas can be found in virtually every organ, but most commonly in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, breast and thyroid.

None

The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Lhermitte-Duclos disease

LDD

A rare disease characterized by the occurrence of a slowly enlarging mass within the cerebellar cortex corresponding histologically to a cerebellar hamartoma. It manifests, most commonly in the third and fourth decades of life, with increased intracranial pressure, headache, nausea, cerebellar dysfunction, occlusive hydrocephalus, ataxia, visual disturbances and other cranial nerve palsies. Various associated abnormalities may be present such as megalencephaly, microgyria, hydromyelia, polydactyly, partial gigantism, macroglossia. LDD is part of the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndromes spectrum that also includes Cowden syndrome.

None

The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

HNSCC

A non-melanoma skin cancer affecting the head and neck. The hallmark of cutaneous SCC is malignant transformation of normal epidermal keratinocytes.

None

The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Endometrial cancer

ENDMC

A malignancy of endometrium, the mucous lining of the uterus. Most endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas, cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids.

None

Disease susceptibility is associated with variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

PTEN mutations are found in a subset of patients with Proteus syndrome, a genetically heterogeneous condition. The molecular diagnosis of PTEN mutation positive cases classifies Proteus syndrome patients as part of the PTEN hamartoma syndrome spectrum. As such, patients surviving the early years of Proteus syndrome are likely at a greater risk of developing malignancies.

Glioma 2

GLM2

Gliomas are benign or malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells. They comprise astrocytomas and glioblastoma multiforme that are derived from astrocytes, oligodendrogliomas derived from oligodendrocytes and ependymomas derived from ependymocytes.

None

Disease susceptibility is associated with variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Prostate cancer

PC

A malignancy originating in tissues of the prostate. Most prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas that develop in the acini of the prostatic ducts. Other rare histopathologic types of prostate cancer that occur in approximately 5% of patients include small cell carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, prostatic ductal carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma (basaloid), signet-ring cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma.

None

Disease susceptibility is associated with variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Macrocephaly/autism syndrome

MCEPHAS

Patients have autism spectrum disorders and macrocephaly, with head circumferences ranging from +2.5 to +8 SD for age and sex (average head circumference +4.0 SD).

None

The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

A microdeletion of chromosome 10q23 involving BMPR1A and PTEN is a cause of chromosome 10q23 deletion syndrome, which shows overlapping features of the following three disorders: Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, Cowden disease and juvenile polyposis syndrome.

Post-translational modifications

Constitutively phosphorylated by CK2 under normal conditions. Phosphorylated in vitro by MAST1, MAST2, MAST3 and STK11. Phosphorylation results in an inhibited activity towards PIP3. Phosphorylation can both inhibit or promote PDZ-binding. Phosphorylation at Tyr-336 by FRK/PTK5 protects this protein from ubiquitin-mediated degradation probably by inhibiting its binding to NEDD4. Phosphorylation by ROCK1 is essential for its stability and activity. Phosphorylation by PLK3 promotes its stability and prevents its degradation by the proteasome.

Monoubiquitinated; monoubiquitination is increased in presence of retinoic acid. Deubiquitinated by USP7; leading to its nuclear exclusion. Monoubiquitination of one of either Lys-13 and Lys-289 amino acid is sufficient to modulate PTEN compartmentalization. Ubiquitinated by XIAP/BIRC4.

Sequence similarities

Belongs to the PTEN phosphatase protein family.

Tissue specificity

Expressed at a relatively high level in all adult tissues, including heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, muscle, kidney and pancreas.

Cellular localization

• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Nucleus
• PML body
• Monoubiquitinated form is nuclear. Nonubiquitinated form is cytoplasmic. Colocalized with PML and USP7 in PML nuclear bodies (PubMed:18716620). XIAP/BIRC4 promotes its nuclear localization (PubMed:19473982).
• Isoform alpha
• Secreted
• May be secreted via a classical signal peptide and reenter into cells with the help of a poly-Arg motif.

Alternative names

• Mutated in multiple advanced cancers 1
• Phosphatase and tensin homolog
• TEP1
• PTEN
• MMAC1

Database links

• entrezGene:5728
• omim:601728
• swissprot:P60484

Target type

Proteins

Primary research area

Oncology

Other research areas

• Neuroscience

Molecular weight

47166Da