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PTGS2

GeneName

PTGS2

Summary

PTGS2, also known as COX-2 or Cyclooxygenase-2, is a 69 kDa enzyme that is primarily expressed in response to inflammatory stimuli and is involved in the cyclooxygenase pathway. It is located in various cellular compartments, including the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus, and plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, which are lipid compounds that mediate inflammation and other physiological processes. PTGS2 exhibits peroxidase activity and is known to bind heme and metal ions, facilitating its enzymatic functions. It is also implicated in processes such as cell migration, differentiation of brown fat cells, and regulation of blood pressure.

Importance

PTGS2 is relevant to: - Inflammatory diseases, as it is upregulated in response to pro-inflammatory signals and contributes to the production of inflammatory mediators. - Cancer research, due to its role in promoting cell proliferation and survival through prostaglandin synthesis. - Cardiovascular health, as it is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and vascular function. - Neuroinflammation, given its influence on the inflammatory response in the central nervous system and its potential link to neurodegenerative diseases.

Top Products

For researchers investigating PTGS2, we recommend two excellent primary antibodies that cater to a variety of applications. The first is the well-cited Anti-COX2 / Cyclooxygenase 2 antibody [EPR12012] (ab179800), a monoclonal antibody that has garnered 271 citations, reflecting its reliability and trust within the scientific community. This antibody is validated for use in Western blotting (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunocytochemistry (ICC), and immunoprecipitation (IP), making it a versatile choice for your research needs. Additionally, we offer the recombinant antibody Anti-COX2 / Cyclooxygenase 2 antibody [EPR18377-106] - N-terminal (ab188183), which is also validated in knockout models and suitable for WB, ICC, and IP applications. With 7 citations, this recombinant product provides the batch-to-batch consistency that many researchers seek. Together, these antibodies provide robust options for studying PTGS2 effectively. The Anti-COX2 / Cyclooxygenase 2 antibody [EPR18377-106] - N-terminal ELISA Kit (ab188183) is a reliable option for researchers looking to measure PTGS2 levels, supported by 7 citations.

Abcam Product Citation Summary

The data indicates that PTGS2, also known as COX-2, is being studied in various contexts, particularly in relation to inflammation and infection. The use of antibodies in both mouse and human tissues highlights the relevance of PTGS2 in lung and synovial cell studies, as well as its role in inflammatory responses.

Abcam Product Citation Table

ab179800
Mouse
WB
Lung tissue
33776576
ab179800
Rat
IHC
Stomach sections
35330107
ab52237
Mouse
WB
Lung lysates
29176767
ab52237
Human
WB
Synovial cells
28668088
ab52237
Human
WB
Lung lysates
29176767
ab52237
Human
WB
Monocytes
24870145

Function

Dual cyclooxygenase and peroxidase in the biosynthesis pathway of prostanoids, a class of C20 oxylipins mainly derived from arachidonate ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate, AA, C20:4(n-6)), with a particular role in the inflammatory response (PubMed:11939906, PubMed:16373578, PubMed:19540099, PubMed:22942274, PubMed:26859324, PubMed:27226593, PubMed:7592599, PubMed:7947975, PubMed:9261177). The cyclooxygenase activity oxygenates AA to the hydroperoxy endoperoxide prostaglandin G2 (PGG2), and the peroxidase activity reduces PGG2 to the hydroxy endoperoxide prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), the precursor of all 2-series prostaglandins and thromboxanes (PubMed:16373578, PubMed:22942274, PubMed:26859324, PubMed:27226593, PubMed:7592599, PubMed:7947975, PubMed:9261177). This complex transformation is initiated by abstraction of hydrogen at carbon 13 (with S-stereochemistry), followed by insertion of molecular O2 to form the endoperoxide bridge between carbon 9 and 11 that defines prostaglandins. The insertion of a second molecule of O2 (bis-oxygenase activity) yields a hydroperoxy group in PGG2 that is then reduced to PGH2 by two electrons (PubMed:16373578, PubMed:22942274, PubMed:26859324, PubMed:27226593, PubMed:7592599, PubMed:7947975, PubMed:9261177). Similarly catalyzes successive cyclooxygenation and peroxidation of dihomo-gamma-linoleate (DGLA, C20:3(n-6)) and eicosapentaenoate (EPA, C20:5(n-3)) to corresponding PGH1 and PGH3, the precursors of 1- and 3-series prostaglandins (PubMed:11939906, PubMed:19540099). In an alternative pathway of prostanoid biosynthesis, converts 2-arachidonoyl lysophopholipids to prostanoid lysophopholipids, which are then hydrolyzed by intracellular phospholipases to release free prostanoids (PubMed:27642067). Metabolizes 2-arachidonoyl glycerol yielding the glyceryl ester of PGH2, a process that can contribute to pain response (PubMed:22942274). Generates lipid mediators from n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) via a lipoxygenase-type mechanism. Oxygenates PUFAs to hydroperoxy compounds and then reduces them to corresponding alcohols (PubMed:11034610, PubMed:11192938, PubMed:9048568, PubMed:9261177). Plays a role in the generation of resolution phase interaction products (resolvins) during both sterile and infectious inflammation (PubMed:12391014). Metabolizes docosahexaenoate (DHA, C22:6(n-3)) to 17R-HDHA, a precursor of the D-series resolvins (RvDs) (PubMed:12391014). As a component of the biosynthetic pathway of E-series resolvins (RvEs), converts eicosapentaenoate (EPA, C20:5(n-3)) primarily to 18S-HEPE that is further metabolized by ALOX5 and LTA4H to generate 18S-RvE1 and 18S-RvE2 (PubMed:21206090). In vascular endothelial cells, converts docosapentaenoate (DPA, C22:5(n-3)) to 13R-HDPA, a precursor for 13-series resolvins (RvTs) shown to activate macrophage phagocytosis during bacterial infection (PubMed:26236990). In activated leukocytes, contributes to oxygenation of hydroxyeicosatetraenoates (HETE) to diHETES (5,15-diHETE and 5,11-diHETE) (PubMed:22068350, PubMed:26282205). Can also use linoleate (LA, (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate, C18:2(n-6)) as substrate and produce hydroxyoctadecadienoates (HODEs) in a regio- and stereospecific manner, being (9R)-HODE ((9R)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate) and (13S)-HODE ((13S)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate) its major products (By similarity). During neuroinflammation, plays a role in neuronal secretion of specialized preresolving mediators (SPMs) 15R-lipoxin A4 that regulates phagocytic microglia (By similarity).

Pathway

Lipid metabolism; prostaglandin biosynthesis.

Post-translational modifications

S-nitrosylation by NOS2 (iNOS) activates enzyme activity. S-nitrosylation may take place on different Cys residues in addition to Cys-526.

Acetylated at Ser-565 by SPHK1. During neuroinflammation, acetylation by SPHK1 promotes neuronal secretion of specialized preresolving mediators (SPMs), especially 15-R-lipoxin A4, which results in an increase of phagocytic microglia.

Sequence Similarities

Belongs to the prostaglandin G/H synthase family.

Cellular localization

Alternative names

COX2, PTGS2, Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2, Cyclooxygenase-2, PHS II, Prostaglandin H2 synthase 2, Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, COX-2, PGH synthase 2, PGHS-2

swissprot:P35354 omim:600262 entrezGene:5743

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