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RIPK1

GeneName

RIPK1

Summary

RIPK1, also known as receptor interacting protein 1 or RIP, is a 76kDa serine/threonine kinase that plays a central role in mediating cell death and survival signals. It is predominantly localised in the cytoplasm and is associated with various cellular structures including the plasma membrane, endosome membrane, and mitochondria. RIPK1 functions as a signalling adaptor that interacts with death receptors and is involved in the formation of protein complexes such as the ripoptosome and the death-inducing signalling complex. It is implicated in multiple biological processes including apoptosis, necroptosis, and the regulation of NF-kappaB signalling, responding to stimuli such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and oxidative stress.

Importance

RIPK1 is relevant to: - The regulation of programmed cell death pathways, influencing both apoptotic and necroptotic processes. - Inflammatory responses, as it modulates signalling pathways that lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. - Cancer research, where its role in cell survival and death can impact tumour progression and response to therapy. - Neurodegenerative diseases, due to its involvement in cellular responses to stress and cell death mechanisms.

Top Products

For researchers investigating RIPK1, we recommend two excellent primary antibodies that cater to a variety of applications. The first is the well-cited polyclonal antibody, Anti-RIP antibody (ab106393), which has garnered 24 citations and is highly effective in Western blotting (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunocytochemistry (ICC). This antibody is a trusted choice for those looking to study RIPK1 in detail. Additionally, we offer the recombinant antibody, Anti-RIP antibody [EPR4689] (ab125072), which has been validated in knockout models and is suitable for Western blotting (WB). With 7 citations, this monoclonal antibody provides the batch-to-batch consistency that researchers often require. Together, these antibodies represent a robust toolkit for studying RIPK1 in various experimental contexts.

Abcam Product Citation Summary

The data indicates that RIPK1 is being studied in the context of human corneal epithelial cells, particularly in response to treatment with carteolol. This suggests a potential role for RIPK1 in ocular pharmacology or cell response mechanisms.

Abcam Product Citation Table

Product Code
Species
Application
Study Context
PMID
ab106393
Human
WB
Corneal epithelial cells treated with carteolol
32210806

Domain

The RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) mediates interaction with the RHIM motif of RIPK1. Both motifs form a hetero-amyloid serpentine fold, stabilized by hydrophobic packing and featuring an unusual Cys-Ser ladder of alternating Ser (from RIPK1) and Cys (from RIPK3).

The death domain mediates dimerization and activation of its kinase activity during necroptosis and apoptosis (PubMed:29440439). It engages other DD-containing proteins as well as a central (intermediate) region important for NF-kB activation and RHIM-dependent signaling (PubMed:10356400).

Function

Serine-threonine kinase which is a key regulator of TNF-mediated apoptosis, necroptosis and inflammatory pathways (PubMed:17703191, PubMed:24144979, PubMed:31827280, PubMed:31827281, PubMed:32657447, PubMed:35831301). Exhibits kinase activity-dependent functions that regulate cell death and kinase-independent scaffold functions regulating inflammatory signaling and cell survival (PubMed:11101870, PubMed:19524512, PubMed:19524513, PubMed:29440439, PubMed:30988283). Has kinase-independent scaffold functions: upon binding of TNF to TNFR1, RIPK1 is recruited to the TNF-R1 signaling complex (TNF-RSC also known as complex I) where it acts as a scaffold protein promoting cell survival, in part, by activating the canonical NF-kappa-B pathway (By similarity). Kinase activity is essential to regulate necroptosis and apoptosis, two parallel forms of cell death: upon activation of its protein kinase activity, regulates assembly of two death-inducing complexes, namely complex IIa (RIPK1-FADD-CASP8), which drives apoptosis, and the complex IIb (RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL), which drives necroptosis (By similarity). RIPK1 is required to limit CASP8-dependent TNFR1-induced apoptosis (By similarity). In normal conditions, RIPK1 acts as an inhibitor of RIPK3-dependent necroptosis, a process mediated by RIPK3 component of complex IIb, which catalyzes phosphorylation of MLKL upon induction by ZBP1 (PubMed:19524512, PubMed:19524513, PubMed:29440439, PubMed:30988283). Inhibits RIPK3-mediated necroptosis via FADD-mediated recruitment of CASP8, which cleaves RIPK1 and limits TNF-induced necroptosis (PubMed:19524512, PubMed:19524513, PubMed:29440439, PubMed:30988283). Required to inhibit apoptosis and necroptosis during embryonic development: acts by preventing the interaction of TRADD with FADD thereby limiting aberrant activation of CASP8 (By similarity). In addition to apoptosis and necroptosis, also involved in inflammatory response by promoting transcriptional production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL6) (PubMed:31827280, PubMed:31827281). Phosphorylates RIPK3: RIPK1 and RIPK3 undergo reciprocal auto- and trans-phosphorylation (PubMed:19524513). Phosphorylates DAB2IP at 'Ser-728' in a TNF-alpha-dependent manner, and thereby activates the MAP3K5-JNK apoptotic cascade (PubMed:15310755, PubMed:17389591). Required for ZBP1-induced NF-kappa-B activation in response to DNA damage (By similarity).

Involvement in disease

Immunodeficiency 57 with autoinflammation

IMD57

An autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by lymphopenia and recurrent viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Patients exhibit early-onset inflammatory bowel disease involving the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, and develop progressive polyarthritis.

None

The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. RIPK1-deficient immune cells from IMD57 patients have impaired proinflammatory signaling leading to dysregulated cytokine secretion and are prone to necroptosis.

Autoinflammation with episodic fever and lymphadenopathy

AIEFL

An autosomal dominant immunologic disorder characterized by early onset of recurrent episodes of unexplained fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in patient serum.

None

The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Post-translational modifications

(Microbial infection) Proteolytically cleaved by S.flexneri OspD3 within the RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM), leading to its degradation and inhibition of necroptosis.

Proteolytically cleaved by CASP8 at Asp-324 (PubMed:10521396, PubMed:31827280, PubMed:31827281). Cleavage is crucial for limiting TNF-induced apoptosis, necroptosis and inflammatory response (PubMed:31827280, PubMed:31827281). Cleavage abolishes NF-kappa-B activation and enhances the interaction of TRADD with FADD (PubMed:10521396). Proteolytically cleaved by CASP6 during intrinsic apoptosis (PubMed:22858542).

RIPK1 and RIPK3 undergo reciprocal auto- and trans-phosphorylation (PubMed:18408713, PubMed:19524513, PubMed:31827280). Phosphorylation of Ser-161 by RIPK3 is necessary for the formation of the necroptosis-inducing complex (PubMed:18408713). Phosphorylation at Ser-25 represses its kinase activity and consequently prevents TNF-mediated RIPK1-dependent cell death (PubMed:30988283). Phosphorylated at Ser-320 by MAP3K7 which requires prior ubiquitination with 'Lys-63'-linked chains by BIRC2/c-IAP1 and BIRC3/c-IAP2 (By similarity). This phosphorylation positively regulates RIPK1 interaction with RIPK3 to promote necroptosis but negatively regulates RIPK1 kinase activity and its interaction with FADD to mediate apoptosis (By similarity).

Deubiquitinated by USP7; this modification is required for TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis.

Ubiquitinated with 'Lys-11'-, 'Lys-48'-, 'Lys-63'- and linear-linked type ubiquitin (PubMed:15258597, PubMed:16603398, PubMed:17703191, PubMed:18450452, PubMed:21455173, PubMed:21931591, PubMed:29883609, Ref.35). Polyubiquitination with 'Lys-63'-linked chains by TRAF2 induces association with the IKK complex (PubMed:15258597). Deubiquitination of 'Lys-63'-linked chains and polyubiquitination with 'Lys-48'-linked chains by TNFAIP3 leads to RIPK1 proteasomal degradation and consequently down-regulates TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa-B signaling (PubMed:15258597). 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination by RFFL or RNF34 also promotes proteasomal degradation and negatively regulates TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa-B signaling (PubMed:18450452, Ref.35). Linear polyubiquitinated; the head-to-tail linear polyubiquitination ('Met-1'-linked) is mediated by the LUBAC complex and decreases protein kinase activity (PubMed:21455173). Deubiquitination of linear polyubiquitin by CYLD promotes the kinase activity (By similarity). Polyubiquitinated with 'Lys-48' and 'Lys-63'-linked chains by BIRC2/c-IAP1 and BIRC3/c-IAP2, leading to activation of NF-kappa-B (PubMed:21931591). Ubiquitinated with 'Lys-63'-linked chains by PELI1 (PubMed:29883609). Ubiquitination at Lys-377 with 'Lys-63'-linked chains by BIRC2/c-IAP1 and BIRC3/c-IAP2 is essential for its phosphorylation at Ser-320 mediated by MAP3K7 (By similarity). This ubiquitination is required for NF-kB activation, suppresses RIPK1 kinase activity and plays a critical role in preventing cell death during embryonic development (By similarity).

(Microbial infection) Glycosylated at Arg-603 by enteropathogenic E.coli protein NleB1: arginine GlcNAcylation prevents homotypic/heterotypic death domain interactions.

Sequence Similarities

Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family.

Cellular localization

Alternative names

RIP, RIP1, RIPK1, Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1, Cell death protein RIP, Receptor-interacting protein 1, RIP-1

swissprot:Q13546 entrezGene:8737 omim:603453

Other research areas