TLR2
GeneName
TLR2
Summary
TLR2, also known as Toll-like receptor 2 or TLR-2, is a 90kDa membrane protein that plays a pivotal role in the innate immune system. It is primarily expressed on the surface of various immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, and is involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans. TLR2 is localised to the plasma membrane and can also be found in intracellular compartments such as the Golgi apparatus and phagocytic vesicles. It functions as a pattern recognition receptor, initiating inflammatory responses and modulating immune signalling pathways, particularly through the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Importance
TLR2 is relevant to: - The innate immune response to bacterial infections, particularly Gram-positive bacteria, by mediating the detection of bacterial components. - Inflammatory diseases, as it plays a role in the regulation of inflammatory responses and cytokine production. - Neuroinflammation and microglial activation, influencing neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. - Therapeutic targets for modulating immune responses in conditions such as sepsis and autoimmune diseases.
Top Products
For researchers investigating TLR2, we recommend two primary antibodies that stand out for their performance. The first is the well-cited monoclonal antibody, Anti-TLR2 antibody [TL2.1] (ab9100), which has garnered 39 citations, reflecting its reliability in Western blotting (WB) and flow cytometry (FC). This antibody is a trusted choice for those looking to study TLR2 in various contexts. Additionally, we offer the recombinant antibody, Anti-TLR2 antibody [EPR2078Y] (ab68159), which is validated for use in WB. This recombinant option provides the advantage of batch-to-batch consistency, making it an excellent choice for researchers who require dependable results in their experiments. The Human TLR2 ELISA Kit (ab227897) is a reliable option for researchers looking to measure TLR2 levels in their samples.
Abcam Product Citation Summary
The data indicates that TLR2 is being studied in various contexts, including its transcriptional response to berberine in mouse models and its expression in transgenic goats. The use of different applications such as Western blotting and immunohistochemistry highlights the versatility of the research methods employed to investigate TLR2.
Abcam Product Citation Table
Domain
Ester-bound lipid substrates are bound through a crevice formed between the LRR 11 and LRR 12.
The ATG16L1-binding motif mediates interaction with ATG16L1.
Function
Cooperates with LY96 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins and other microbial cell wall components. Cooperates with TLR1 or TLR6 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins or lipopeptides (PubMed:17889651, PubMed:21078852). Acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. May also activate immune cells and promote apoptosis in response to the lipid moiety of lipoproteins (PubMed:10426995, PubMed:10426996). Recognizes mycoplasmal macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2kD (MALP-2), soluble tuberculosis factor (STF), phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) and B.burgdorferi outer surface protein A lipoprotein (OspA-L) cooperatively with TLR6 (PubMed:11441107). Stimulation of monocytes in vitro with M.tuberculosis PstS1 induces p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 activation primarily via this receptor, but also partially via TLR4 (PubMed:16622205). MAPK activation in response to bacterial peptidoglycan also occurs via this receptor (PubMed:16622205). Acts as a receptor for M.tuberculosis lipoproteins LprA, LprG, LpqH and PstS1, some lipoproteins are dependent on other coreceptors (TLR1, CD14 and/or CD36); the lipoproteins act as agonists to modulate antigen presenting cell functions in response to the pathogen (PubMed:19362712). M.tuberculosis HSP70 (dnaK) but not HSP65 (groEL-2) acts via this protein to stimulate NF-kappa-B expression (PubMed:15809303). Recognizes M.tuberculosis major T-antigen EsxA (ESAT-6) which inhibits downstream MYD88-dependent signaling (shown in mouse) (By similarity). Forms activation clusters composed of several receptors depending on the ligand, these clusters trigger signaling from the cell surface and subsequently are targeted to the Golgi in a lipid-raft dependent pathway. Forms the cluster TLR2CD14:CD36 in response to diacylated lipopeptides and TLR2CD14 in response to triacylated lipopeptides (PubMed:16880211). Required for normal uptake of M.tuberculosis, a process that is inhibited by M.tuberculosis LppM (By similarity).
Post-translational modifications
Glycosylation of Asn-442 is critical for secretion of the N-terminal ectodomain of TLR2.
Ubiquitinated at Lys-754 by PPP1R11, leading to its degradation (PubMed:27805901). Deubiquitinated by USP2 (By similarity).
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the Toll-like receptor family.
Tissue Specificity
Highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, in particular in monocytes, in bone marrow, lymph node and in spleen. Also detected in lung and in fetal liver. Levels are low in other tissues.
Cellular localization
- Membrane
- Single-pass type I membrane protein
- Cytoplasmic vesicle
- Phagosome membrane
- Single-pass type I membrane protein
- Membrane raft
- Does not reside in lipid rafts before stimulation but accumulates increasingly in the raft upon the presence of the microbial ligand. In response to diacylated lipoproteins, TLR2:TLR6 heterodimers are recruited in lipid rafts, this recruitment determines the intracellular targeting to the Golgi apparatus. Triacylated lipoproteins induce the same mechanism for TLR2:TLR1 heterodimers.
Alternative names
CD282, TIL4, TLR2, Toll-like receptor 2, Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-like protein 4
Database links
swissprot:O60603 omim:603028 entrezGene:7097
Other research areas
- Immuno-oncology