TLR3
GeneName
TLR3
Summary
TLR3, also known as Toll-like receptor 3, is a 104 kDa pattern recognition receptor that plays a vital role in the innate immune system. It is primarily expressed in various tissues, including immune cells, and is localised to multiple cellular compartments such as the cytoplasm, endosomes, and plasma membrane. TLR3 is responsible for recognising double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecular signature of viral infection, and initiates downstream signalling pathways, including the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This receptor is crucial for the cellular response to viral infections and contributes to the regulation of immune responses through its interactions with various signalling molecules and pathways.
Importance
TLR3 is relevant to: - Viral immunity and the host response to viral pathogens through its role in detecting dsRNA - Inflammatory diseases, as it mediates the production of cytokines and chemokines in response to viral infections - The development of therapeutic strategies targeting TLR3 for enhancing antiviral responses or modulating excessive inflammation - Research into autoimmune diseases where TLR3 may contribute to aberrant immune activation and tissue damage
Top Products
For researchers investigating TLR3, we recommend two primary antibodies that cater to different experimental needs. The first is the well-cited polyclonal antibody, Anti-TLR3 antibody (ab62566), which has garnered 63 citations, reflecting its reliability in the field. This antibody is particularly effective for Western blotting (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunocytochemistry (ICC), making it a versatile choice for various applications. Additionally, we offer the recombinant antibody, Anti-TLR3 antibody [EPR24454-103] (ab281560), which is suitable for flow cytometry (FC). This recombinant product ensures batch-to-batch consistency, providing researchers with a dependable option for their studies. Together, these antibodies provide a comprehensive toolkit for exploring TLR3 in your research. The Human TLR3 ELISA Kit (ab288924) is an excellent option for researchers looking to measure TLR3 levels in their samples.
Abcam Product Citation Summary
The data indicates that TLR3 is being studied in various contexts related to immune responses, particularly in human and mouse models. The use of antibodies in Western blotting and immunofluorescence highlights the importance of TLR3 in immune-related protein detection and its role in responses to stimuli such as LPS and influenza virus.
Abcam Product Citation Table
Domain
ds-RNA binding is mediated by LRR 1 to 3, and LRR 17 to 18.
Function
Key component of innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) control host immune response against pathogens through recognition of molecular patterns specific to microorganisms. TLR3 is a nucleotide-sensing TLR which is activated by double-stranded RNA, a sign of viral infection. Acts via the adapter TRIF/TICAM1, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, IRF3 nuclear translocation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response.
Involvement in disease
Immunodeficiency 83, susceptibility to viral infections
IMD83
An immunologic disorder characterized by increased susceptibility to severe viral infections, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), influenza A virus (IAV), hantavirus, and possibly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). IMD83 clinical manifestations include acute infection-induced encephalitis and pneumonitis. The susceptibility to encephalitis or pneumonitis appears to result from impaired TLR3-dependent interferon production by nonhematopoietic cells that reside within the central nervous system or lung epithelial cells. IMD83 transmission pattern is consistent with autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive inheritance with incomplete penetrance.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Post-translational modifications
Heavily N-glycosylated, except on that part of the surface of the ectodomain that is involved in ligand binding.
TLR3 signaling requires a proteolytic cleavage mediated by cathepsins CTSB and CTSH, the cleavage occurs between amino acids 252 and 346. The cleaved form of TLR3 is the predominant form found in endosomes.
Ubiquitinated by TRIM3; leading to recognition and sorting of polyubiquitinated TLR3 by the ESCRT complexes (PubMed:32878999). Ubiquitinated by ZNRF1 via 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains; leading to TLR3 lysosomal trafficking and degradation (PubMed:37158982). Ubiquitinated by RNF170 at Lys-765 via 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains; leading to TLR3 proteasomal degradation (PubMed:31076723).
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the Toll-like receptor family.
Tissue Specificity
Expressed at high level in placenta and pancreas. Also detected in CD11c+ immature dendritic cells. Only expressed in dendritic cells and not in other leukocytes, including monocyte precursors. TLR3 is the TLR that is expressed most strongly in the brain, especially in astrocytes, glia, and neurons.
Cellular localization
- Endoplasmic reticulum membrane
- Single-pass type I membrane protein
- Endosome membrane
- Early endosome
Alternative names
CD283, Toll-like receptor 3, TLR3
Database links
swissprot:O15455 omim:603029 entrezGene:7098
Other research areas
- Immuno-oncology
- Neuroscience