FPS-ZM1, RAGE receptor antagonist

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RAGE also known as Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products is a multi-ligand cell surface receptor with a molecular weight of approximately 45 kDa. It belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily consisting of three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail. RAGE is widely expressed in various tissues throughout the body with high expression levels in the lungs heart and cells of the nervous system. The receptor can interact with several ligands such as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) amyloid beta and S100/calgranulin proteins facilitating signal transduction into the cells.

Biological function summary

RAGE functions in the immune and inflammatory response where it mediates cell signaling that leads to cellular activation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It acts as part of complexes with different proteins contributing to cellular processes such as proliferation and migration. RAGE also plays roles in the regulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis impacting cellular health and survival. Researchers employ tools like 'anti-RAGE' antibodies and 'RAGER ELISA' assays to measure and study RAGE expression levels and its interactions in various experimental setups.

Pathways

RAGE is significantly involved in the NF-kB pathway and the MAPK signaling cascade. Its activation can lead to the release of NF-kB a transcription factor that plays an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses. RAGE interacts with proteins such as p38 MAPK leading to a cascade of events that regulate inflammation and stress responses. The signaling pathways involving RAGE are important in maintaining cell homeostasis and responding to cellular stressors and tools like 'anti-RAGE' and 'mouse RAGE' antibodies serve to elucidate these complex pathways further.

RAGE has strong associations with chronic diseases like diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. In diabetes RAGE binds to AGEs contributing to inflammation and vascular complications where it often interacts with proteins like iNOS and VEGF. In Alzheimer's disease RAGE is implicated in the accumulation and toxicity of amyloid-beta peptides interacting with proteins such as APP and tau. Understanding RAGE's role in these diseases can aid in developing therapeutic strategies employing reagents such as 'phen RAGE' and 'anti-RAGE' for targeted treatment approaches.