Human Histone H4 peptide

일반 정보

기능

Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.

서열 유사성

Belongs to the histone H4 family.

Post-translational modifications

Acetylation at Lys-6 (H4K5ac), Lys-9 (H4K8ac), Lys-13 (H4K12ac) and Lys-17 (H4K16ac) occurs in coding regions of the genome but not in heterochromatin. Acetylated as part of spermatogenesis progression prior to histone-to-protamine exchange (By similarity).. Citrullination at Arg-4 (H4R3ci) by PADI4 impairs methylation.. Monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-4 (H4R3me1 and H4R3me2a, respectively) by PRMT1 favors acetylation at Lys-9 (H4K8ac) and Lys-13 (H4K12ac). Demethylation is performed by JMJD6. Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 (H4R3me2s) by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.. Monomethylated, dimethylated or trimethylated at Lys-21 (H4K20me1, H4K20me2, H4K20me3) (PubMed:12086618, PubMed:15964846, PubMed:17967882). Monomethylation is performed by KMT5A/SET8 (PubMed:15964846). Dimethylation and trimethylation is performed by KMT5B and KMT5C and induces gene silencing (By similarity). Monomethylated at Lys-13 (H4K12me1) by N6AMT1; H4K12me1 modification is present at the promoters of numerous genes encoding cell cycle regulators (PubMed:31061526). H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 are demethylated into monomethyl (H4K20me1) by RSBN1 (By similarity). H4K20me1, H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 are demethylated by RAD23A and RAD23B (PubMed:32209475). H4K20me1 is demethylated by PHF8 (PubMed:20622854).. Acetyl-methylated at Lys-6 and Lys-13 (H4K5acme and H4K12acme, respectively), acetyl-methylation is an epigenetic mark of active chromatin associated with increased transcriptional initiation (PubMed:37731000). Acetyl-methylation is formed by acetylation by EP300/p300 of lysine residues that are already monomethylated on the same side chain (PubMed:37731000). H4K5acme and H4K12acme marks specifically bind BRD2 (PubMed:37731000).. Phosphorylated by PAK2 at Ser-48 (H4S47ph). This phosphorylation increases the association of H3.3-H4 with the histone chaperone HIRA, thus promoting nucleosome assembly of H3.3-H4 and inhibiting nucleosome assembly of H3.1-H4.. Ubiquitinated by the CUL4-DDB-RBX1 complex in response to ultraviolet irradiation. This may weaken the interaction between histones and DNA and facilitate DNA accessibility to repair proteins. Monoubiquitinated at Lys-92 of histone H4 (H4K91ub1) in response to DNA damage. The exact role of H4K91ub1 in DNA damage response is still unclear but it may function as a licensing signal for additional histone H4 post-translational modifications such as H4 Lys-21 methylation (H4K20me). Ubiquitinated; by PHF7 (By similarity).. Ufmylated; monofmylated by UFL1 at Lys-32 (H4K31Ufm1) in response to DNA damage.. Sumoylated, which is associated with transcriptional repression.. Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.. Butyrylation of histones marks active promoters and competes with histone acetylation.. Glutarylation at Lys-92 (H4K91glu) destabilizes nucleosomes by promoting dissociation of the H2A-H2B dimers from nucleosomes.. Lactylated in macrophages by EP300/P300 by using lactoyl-CoA directly derived from endogenous or exogenous lactate, leading to stimulates gene transcription (PubMed:31645732). Delactylated by SIRT3 at Lys-17 (H4K16la) (PubMed:37720100).

Subcellular localisation

Nucleus